A myocardial infarction (MI), also referred to as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart’s coronary artery is reduced or interrupted, damaging the heart muscle. The most typical symptom is discomfort or pain in the chest, which radiates to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.
It frequently lasts more than a few minutes and usually occurs in the center or left side of the chest. Other common symptoms are shortness of breath, cold sweat, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness.
Some individuals occasionally experience discomfort and may feel like heartburn. Women are more likely than men to present with neck pain, arm pain, or fatigue rather than chest pain.
Epidemiology
Almost 70% of the cases of acute myocardial infarction are caused by blockage from the atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis is a common cause, and risk factors for such diseases are frequently addressed in disease prevention.
Approximately 5% of persons over 75 have experienced a MI with little or no history of symptoms. About 5-10 % of individuals have premature mortality during the first year following myocardial infarction.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
An atherosclerotic rupture triggers platelet aggregation, thrombus development, and an inflammatory chain of macrophages and monocytes. As a result, the aeration of the myocardium is reduced due to diminished oxygen supply through the coronary artery.
The endocardium undergoes apoptosis or experiences myocardial infarction due to the mitochondria’s inability to make ATP. The spatial distributions of coronary arteries are distinct and diagnostic, with a few exceptions caused by genetic differences.
For instance, the interventricular septum, anterior wall, and ventricular apex are supplied with blood by the left anterior descending coronary artery. The right coronary artery provides blood to the right ventricle. The inferolateral wall is supplied with blood by the left circumflex artery.
Etiology
Acute myocardial infarction is caused by reduced coronary blood flow. Ischemia of the heart occurs when the amount of oxygen available is insufficient to meet the demand. The causes of decreased coronary blood flow are various. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis occur in acutely restricted coronary blood flow.
Coronary artery embolism, which affects 2.9% of patients, cocaine-induced ischemia, coronary dissection, and coronary vasospasm are a few other causes of poor oxygenation and myocardial ischemia.
Other causes of acute myocardial infarction are trauma, drug abuse, vasculitis, Aortic dissection, coronary artery emboli, coronary artery anomalies, excessive demand from the heart in conditions such as anemia, and hyperthyroidism.
Modifiable Risk Factors
Obesity
Dyslipidemia
Sedentary lifestyle
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Elevated levels of homocysteine
Peripheral vascular disease
Smoking
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Age
Sex
Family History
Male pattern baldness
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Acute MI has a significant mortality rate, with most deaths occurring before hospitalization. About 50% of patients experience readmission during the first 12 months following the initial MI.
At least 5%-10% of survivors expire within the first year after a MI, and nearly half require hospitalization within the same year. The overall prognosis is determined by the degree of muscle damage. Furthermore, the prognosis is also determined by the ejection fraction, age, and comorbidities.
10 units intravenous bolus (above 2 minutes), after that
Next dose given 30 minutes after initial (for total combined dose of 20 units)
Treatment should start as soon as possible after onset of acute myocardial infarction
Use a separate intravenous line for each bolus injection so that no other drugs are infused or administered at the same time.
Inject, as early as possible (inside 30 minutes) after onset of acute myocardial Infarction.
30 to 50 mg intravenous bolus above 5 seconds once (based on body mass)
<60 kg: 30 mg
60 to 70 kg: 35 mg
70 to 80 kg: 40 mg
80 to 90 kg: 45 mg
>90 kg: 50 mg
Indicated to restore function for hemodialysis Catheters (Orphan)
Future Trends
Media Gallary
References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459269/
News
Octopus-Inspired Patches Might Be A Pain-Free Alternative to Injections
Posted on
News
Feminist Cancer Care Approach Aims to Save 800,000 Lives Annually
Posted on
News
Breast Lifts Soar in Popularity Among Women
Posted on
News
Researchers Raise Concern on Alcohol Promotion in Sports
A myocardial infarction (MI), also referred to as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart’s coronary artery is reduced or interrupted, damaging the heart muscle. The most typical symptom is discomfort or pain in the chest, which radiates to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.
It frequently lasts more than a few minutes and usually occurs in the center or left side of the chest. Other common symptoms are shortness of breath, cold sweat, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness.
Some individuals occasionally experience discomfort and may feel like heartburn. Women are more likely than men to present with neck pain, arm pain, or fatigue rather than chest pain.
Almost 70% of the cases of acute myocardial infarction are caused by blockage from the atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis is a common cause, and risk factors for such diseases are frequently addressed in disease prevention.
Approximately 5% of persons over 75 have experienced a MI with little or no history of symptoms. About 5-10 % of individuals have premature mortality during the first year following myocardial infarction.
An atherosclerotic rupture triggers platelet aggregation, thrombus development, and an inflammatory chain of macrophages and monocytes. As a result, the aeration of the myocardium is reduced due to diminished oxygen supply through the coronary artery.
The endocardium undergoes apoptosis or experiences myocardial infarction due to the mitochondria’s inability to make ATP. The spatial distributions of coronary arteries are distinct and diagnostic, with a few exceptions caused by genetic differences.
For instance, the interventricular septum, anterior wall, and ventricular apex are supplied with blood by the left anterior descending coronary artery. The right coronary artery provides blood to the right ventricle. The inferolateral wall is supplied with blood by the left circumflex artery.
Acute myocardial infarction is caused by reduced coronary blood flow. Ischemia of the heart occurs when the amount of oxygen available is insufficient to meet the demand. The causes of decreased coronary blood flow are various. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis occur in acutely restricted coronary blood flow.
Coronary artery embolism, which affects 2.9% of patients, cocaine-induced ischemia, coronary dissection, and coronary vasospasm are a few other causes of poor oxygenation and myocardial ischemia.
Other causes of acute myocardial infarction are trauma, drug abuse, vasculitis, Aortic dissection, coronary artery emboli, coronary artery anomalies, excessive demand from the heart in conditions such as anemia, and hyperthyroidism.
Modifiable Risk Factors
Obesity
Dyslipidemia
Sedentary lifestyle
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Elevated levels of homocysteine
Peripheral vascular disease
Smoking
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Age
Sex
Family History
Male pattern baldness
Acute MI has a significant mortality rate, with most deaths occurring before hospitalization. About 50% of patients experience readmission during the first 12 months following the initial MI.
At least 5%-10% of survivors expire within the first year after a MI, and nearly half require hospitalization within the same year. The overall prognosis is determined by the degree of muscle damage. Furthermore, the prognosis is also determined by the ejection fraction, age, and comorbidities.
10 units intravenous bolus (above 2 minutes), after that
Next dose given 30 minutes after initial (for total combined dose of 20 units)
Treatment should start as soon as possible after onset of acute myocardial infarction
Use a separate intravenous line for each bolus injection so that no other drugs are infused or administered at the same time.
Inject, as early as possible (inside 30 minutes) after onset of acute myocardial Infarction.
30 to 50 mg intravenous bolus above 5 seconds once (based on body mass)
<60 kg: 30 mg
60 to 70 kg: 35 mg
70 to 80 kg: 40 mg
80 to 90 kg: 45 mg
>90 kg: 50 mg
Indicated to restore function for hemodialysis Catheters (Orphan)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459269/
medtigo
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Updated :
August 29, 2022
A myocardial infarction (MI), also referred to as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart’s coronary artery is reduced or interrupted, damaging the heart muscle. The most typical symptom is discomfort or pain in the chest, which radiates to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.
It frequently lasts more than a few minutes and usually occurs in the center or left side of the chest. Other common symptoms are shortness of breath, cold sweat, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness.
Some individuals occasionally experience discomfort and may feel like heartburn. Women are more likely than men to present with neck pain, arm pain, or fatigue rather than chest pain.
Almost 70% of the cases of acute myocardial infarction are caused by blockage from the atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis is a common cause, and risk factors for such diseases are frequently addressed in disease prevention.
Approximately 5% of persons over 75 have experienced a MI with little or no history of symptoms. About 5-10 % of individuals have premature mortality during the first year following myocardial infarction.
An atherosclerotic rupture triggers platelet aggregation, thrombus development, and an inflammatory chain of macrophages and monocytes. As a result, the aeration of the myocardium is reduced due to diminished oxygen supply through the coronary artery.
The endocardium undergoes apoptosis or experiences myocardial infarction due to the mitochondria’s inability to make ATP. The spatial distributions of coronary arteries are distinct and diagnostic, with a few exceptions caused by genetic differences.
For instance, the interventricular septum, anterior wall, and ventricular apex are supplied with blood by the left anterior descending coronary artery. The right coronary artery provides blood to the right ventricle. The inferolateral wall is supplied with blood by the left circumflex artery.
Acute myocardial infarction is caused by reduced coronary blood flow. Ischemia of the heart occurs when the amount of oxygen available is insufficient to meet the demand. The causes of decreased coronary blood flow are various. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis occur in acutely restricted coronary blood flow.
Coronary artery embolism, which affects 2.9% of patients, cocaine-induced ischemia, coronary dissection, and coronary vasospasm are a few other causes of poor oxygenation and myocardial ischemia.
Other causes of acute myocardial infarction are trauma, drug abuse, vasculitis, Aortic dissection, coronary artery emboli, coronary artery anomalies, excessive demand from the heart in conditions such as anemia, and hyperthyroidism.
Modifiable Risk Factors
Obesity
Dyslipidemia
Sedentary lifestyle
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Elevated levels of homocysteine
Peripheral vascular disease
Smoking
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Age
Sex
Family History
Male pattern baldness
Acute MI has a significant mortality rate, with most deaths occurring before hospitalization. About 50% of patients experience readmission during the first 12 months following the initial MI.
At least 5%-10% of survivors expire within the first year after a MI, and nearly half require hospitalization within the same year. The overall prognosis is determined by the degree of muscle damage. Furthermore, the prognosis is also determined by the ejection fraction, age, and comorbidities.
Factors that affect the positive outcome are:
Advanced age
Diabetes Mellitus
Congestive heart failure
Elevated BNP level
Depression
Delayed reperfusion
Vascular diseases
Stroke
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459269/
Free CME credits
Both our subscription plans include Free CME/CPD AMA PRA Category 1 credits.
Digital Certificate PDF
On course completion, you will receive a full-sized presentation quality digital certificate.
medtigo Simulation
A dynamic medical simulation platform designed to train healthcare professionals and students to effectively run code situations through an immersive hands-on experience in a live, interactive 3D environment.
medtigo Points
medtigo points is our unique point redemption system created to award users for interacting on our site. These points can be redeemed for special discounts on the medtigo marketplace as well as towards the membership cost itself.
Community Forum post/reply = 5 points
*Redemption of points can occur only through the medtigo marketplace, courses, or simulation system. Money will not be credited to your bank account. 10 points = $1.
All Your Certificates in One Place
When you have your licenses, certificates and CMEs in one place, it's easier to track your career growth. You can easily share these with hospitals as well, using your medtigo app.
