Adenoviruses are DNA viruses found in humans and animals, often seen in children and adults. Adenovirus can survive for prolonged periods outside of a host and is endemic all year.
Although the virus attacks several organ systems, most infections remain asymptomatic. Adenovirus is carcinogenic in rodents; however, this has not been reported in humans.
Epidemiology
Adenovirus infection is most prevalent in the early winter or spring, but it can occur at any time of year with no distinctive season. Susceptibility occurs most frequently in children aged six months to 2 years, but it can also occur in children aged 5 to 9 years.
The risk factors include:
Reactivation of the previous virus.
Exogenous sources of infection.
Exposure to an infected individual or inhalation of droplets.
Conjunctival infection.
Fecal-oral transmission.
Militants in the United States and other nations are often infected with Adenovirus. Types 3, 4, and 7 cause acute respiratory illnesses and pneumonia in these individuals. Incubation lasts between 2 and 14 days.
Significantly, underlying Adenovirus can live for years in the lymphoid tissue, renal parenchyma, and other tissues; reactivation can occur in immunocompromised people. Adenovirus asymptomatic infection might last weeks to months.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Adenovirus is a double-stranded DNA virus with an icosahedral capsid size of 70-90 nm. The entrance point typically determines the site of infection; respiratory system infections are caused by droplet inhalation, whereas the fecal-oral route causes gastrointestinal tract infections.
Different interactions with cells may occur after viral infection. Lytic infection arises when an adenovirus penetrates human epithelial cells and continues through the replication cycle, resulting in cytokine production, cytolysis, and the commencement of the host inflammatory response.
The exact mechanism of chronic or latent infection, which frequently involves asymptomatic infection of lymphoid tissue, is unclear. Adenovirus causes oncogenic transformation in rats by producing powerful E1A proteins that elevate major rodent cells by modifying cellular transcription, finally leading malignant transformation and apoptotic dysregulation.
E1A enters the nucleus and activates the expression of additional viral genes required for viral replication by interacting with other regulatory proteins required for gene transcription and cellular transcription factors.
Etiology
Adenoviruses are recognized to be etiologic agents of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system, kidney, eye, and other organs. Group C adenoviruses have been identified as a significantly lower respiratory tract infective agent.
Most viral infections, however, are self-limiting, with considerable morbidity and mortality occurring primarily in immunocompromised people. Cases are frequently found among military recruits and the pediatric population.
Aerosolized droplets often spread infection, but the oral-fecal route is also prevalent. Infections caused by adenovirus are widespread in childcare centers, closed or congested settings such as military barracks, public swimming pools, households with young children, and medical institutions.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Except in immunocompromised individuals, mortality rates can surpass 70%, and adenovirus infection has a favorable prognosis.
Adenoviruses are DNA viruses found in humans and animals, often seen in children and adults. Adenovirus can survive for prolonged periods outside of a host and is endemic all year.
Although the virus attacks several organ systems, most infections remain asymptomatic. Adenovirus is carcinogenic in rodents; however, this has not been reported in humans.
Adenovirus infection is most prevalent in the early winter or spring, but it can occur at any time of year with no distinctive season. Susceptibility occurs most frequently in children aged six months to 2 years, but it can also occur in children aged 5 to 9 years.
The risk factors include:
Reactivation of the previous virus.
Exogenous sources of infection.
Exposure to an infected individual or inhalation of droplets.
Conjunctival infection.
Fecal-oral transmission.
Militants in the United States and other nations are often infected with Adenovirus. Types 3, 4, and 7 cause acute respiratory illnesses and pneumonia in these individuals. Incubation lasts between 2 and 14 days.
Significantly, underlying Adenovirus can live for years in the lymphoid tissue, renal parenchyma, and other tissues; reactivation can occur in immunocompromised people. Adenovirus asymptomatic infection might last weeks to months.
Adenovirus is a double-stranded DNA virus with an icosahedral capsid size of 70-90 nm. The entrance point typically determines the site of infection; respiratory system infections are caused by droplet inhalation, whereas the fecal-oral route causes gastrointestinal tract infections.
Different interactions with cells may occur after viral infection. Lytic infection arises when an adenovirus penetrates human epithelial cells and continues through the replication cycle, resulting in cytokine production, cytolysis, and the commencement of the host inflammatory response.
The exact mechanism of chronic or latent infection, which frequently involves asymptomatic infection of lymphoid tissue, is unclear. Adenovirus causes oncogenic transformation in rats by producing powerful E1A proteins that elevate major rodent cells by modifying cellular transcription, finally leading malignant transformation and apoptotic dysregulation.
E1A enters the nucleus and activates the expression of additional viral genes required for viral replication by interacting with other regulatory proteins required for gene transcription and cellular transcription factors.
Adenoviruses are recognized to be etiologic agents of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system, kidney, eye, and other organs. Group C adenoviruses have been identified as a significantly lower respiratory tract infective agent.
Most viral infections, however, are self-limiting, with considerable morbidity and mortality occurring primarily in immunocompromised people. Cases are frequently found among military recruits and the pediatric population.
Aerosolized droplets often spread infection, but the oral-fecal route is also prevalent. Infections caused by adenovirus are widespread in childcare centers, closed or congested settings such as military barracks, public swimming pools, households with young children, and medical institutions.
Except in immunocompromised individuals, mortality rates can surpass 70%, and adenovirus infection has a favorable prognosis.
Adenoviruses are DNA viruses found in humans and animals, often seen in children and adults. Adenovirus can survive for prolonged periods outside of a host and is endemic all year.
Although the virus attacks several organ systems, most infections remain asymptomatic. Adenovirus is carcinogenic in rodents; however, this has not been reported in humans.
Adenovirus infection is most prevalent in the early winter or spring, but it can occur at any time of year with no distinctive season. Susceptibility occurs most frequently in children aged six months to 2 years, but it can also occur in children aged 5 to 9 years.
The risk factors include:
Reactivation of the previous virus.
Exogenous sources of infection.
Exposure to an infected individual or inhalation of droplets.
Conjunctival infection.
Fecal-oral transmission.
Militants in the United States and other nations are often infected with Adenovirus. Types 3, 4, and 7 cause acute respiratory illnesses and pneumonia in these individuals. Incubation lasts between 2 and 14 days.
Significantly, underlying Adenovirus can live for years in the lymphoid tissue, renal parenchyma, and other tissues; reactivation can occur in immunocompromised people. Adenovirus asymptomatic infection might last weeks to months.
Adenovirus is a double-stranded DNA virus with an icosahedral capsid size of 70-90 nm. The entrance point typically determines the site of infection; respiratory system infections are caused by droplet inhalation, whereas the fecal-oral route causes gastrointestinal tract infections.
Different interactions with cells may occur after viral infection. Lytic infection arises when an adenovirus penetrates human epithelial cells and continues through the replication cycle, resulting in cytokine production, cytolysis, and the commencement of the host inflammatory response.
The exact mechanism of chronic or latent infection, which frequently involves asymptomatic infection of lymphoid tissue, is unclear. Adenovirus causes oncogenic transformation in rats by producing powerful E1A proteins that elevate major rodent cells by modifying cellular transcription, finally leading malignant transformation and apoptotic dysregulation.
E1A enters the nucleus and activates the expression of additional viral genes required for viral replication by interacting with other regulatory proteins required for gene transcription and cellular transcription factors.
Adenoviruses are recognized to be etiologic agents of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system, kidney, eye, and other organs. Group C adenoviruses have been identified as a significantly lower respiratory tract infective agent.
Most viral infections, however, are self-limiting, with considerable morbidity and mortality occurring primarily in immunocompromised people. Cases are frequently found among military recruits and the pediatric population.
Aerosolized droplets often spread infection, but the oral-fecal route is also prevalent. Infections caused by adenovirus are widespread in childcare centers, closed or congested settings such as military barracks, public swimming pools, households with young children, and medical institutions.
Except in immunocompromised individuals, mortality rates can surpass 70%, and adenovirus infection has a favorable prognosis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559072/
Free CME credits
Both our subscription plans include Free CME/CPD AMA PRA Category 1 credits.
Digital Certificate PDF
On course completion, you will receive a full-sized presentation quality digital certificate.
medtigo Simulation
A dynamic medical simulation platform designed to train healthcare professionals and students to effectively run code situations through an immersive hands-on experience in a live, interactive 3D environment.
medtigo Points
medtigo points is our unique point redemption system created to award users for interacting on our site. These points can be redeemed for special discounts on the medtigo marketplace as well as towards the membership cost itself.
Community Forum post/reply = 5 points
*Redemption of points can occur only through the medtigo marketplace, courses, or simulation system. Money will not be credited to your bank account. 10 points = $1.
All Your Certificates in One Place
When you have your licenses, certificates and CMEs in one place, it's easier to track your career growth. You can easily share these with hospitals as well, using your medtigo app.
