Amblyopia is a vision development disease. It is caused by early-life ocular disease that prevents cortical visual development in one or both eyes. Amblyopia is commonly referred to as “lazy eye” by the wider population. Even if the ocular ailment is addressed later in life, amblyopia leads to persistent impaired vision in the pathological eye if not treated early enough. It is the most prevalent cause of single-eye visual loss in children & young adults.
When the growing visual system fails to communicate a sharp image to the visual cortex, amblyopia develops. Amblyopia can be caused by strabismus, cataracts, media opacities, and anisometropic refractive defects, which put one eye behind the other in development. Amblyopia is normally unilateral; however, it can be bilateral if both eyes have cataracts or have substantial refractive errors; how we perceive as adults are influenced by our visual experiences as children & infants.
Amblyopia is diagnosed by identifying reduced visual acuity in one or even both eyes that are out of accordance with the structural defect of the eye after ruling out any other visual problems as the root issue. When the refractive error is rectified, it is characterized as an interocular difference in acuity of two lines or over. Visual acuity in young children can be challenging to determine, but it can be assessed by examining the child’s reactions while one eye is masked, including the child’s capacity for following objects in one eye.
Epidemiology
Amblyopia, in its different manifestations, has been estimated to impact up to 3 percent of the public, with a 1.2 percent lifetime chance of loss of vision from this illness. The highest incidence of amblyopia has lately been estimated at approximately 1.75%.
The major reason for amblyopia was anisometropia, followed by combined anisometropia & strabismus, strabismus, & visual deprivation. Mixed & strabismic amblyopia is usually diagnosed at a younger age (7.4) than anisometropic amblyopia (12.7).
Amblyopia appears to be equally prevalent in the right & left eyes. There is no evidence of a sexual preference.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
With monocular vision deprivation throughout visual development, the neural networks of the visual system compete for influence on neural cells. Various components of neuronal choices, such as activity dependence, synaptic plasticity, & neuronal network learning, have distinct sensitivity periods and are thus affected differently depending on the type of vision deprivation used.
Amblyopia is determined by the anatomic linkages of photoreceptor cells to ganglion cell receptor regions, ganglion cell receptor areas to the layers of the lateral geniculate, and well as the lateral geniculate to the regions of the visual cortex. The depth of the disability is determined by its age of onset & duration. The earlier the beginning and so the longer it remains untreated, the more difficult it is to remedy amblyopia.
Etiology
Amblyopia is caused by three basic factors: deprivation, strabismus, & refractive error. Deprivation amblyopia is caused by any condition that interferes with the visual system. This could be due to corneal opacity, cataracts, retinal injury, and optic nerve pathogenesis. It can also be caused by a lack of visual stimuli, such as closing one eye and living in total darkness. The most severe kind of amblyopia is caused by deprivation. Strabismus is a condition whereby your eyes do not coincide.
Diplopia is prevented in children by blocking visual information in one eye, resulting in decreased visual development in that retina. Refractive amblyopia is caused by impaired visual input as a result of astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia. In general, an eye with astigmatism or hyperopia is more likely to develop amblyopia than a myopic eye because a myopic eye can still focus on near objects.
The more thorough the visual deprivation, the more severe the amblyopia that results. The first seven years of life are important for visual development, with the initial few months or even years being the most essential. The longer the treatment for amblyopia begins, the more difficult it is to reverse clinically. This is due to irreversible anatomic alterations in the magnocellular (M) & parvocellular (P) visual pathways resulting from initial visual deprivation.
As a result, clinicians may need to operate on extensive congenital unilateral cataracts as soon as possible, often within a week of their detection. Just a few months with a congenital cataract can result in permanent amblyopia. There is normally a few weeks of flexibility with bilateral, equally thick congenital cataracts.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
The prognosis of amblyopia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis, and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, the earlier amblyopia is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis. Treatment is typically more effective in children under the age of 7, as their visual system is still developing and more receptive to changes.
However, treatment can still be effective in older children and adults, though it may take longer and require more intensive therapy. With proper treatment, many patients with amblyopia can achieve significant improvement in their visual acuity, although some may not achieve completely normal vision.
In some cases, amblyopia may recur after treatment has ended, so ongoing monitoring and follow-up may be necessary to maintain the gains achieved through treatment. It is important to note that untreated or poorly managed amblyopia can lead to permanent vision loss, so it is essential to seek treatment as early as possible to maximize the chances of a good outcome.
Clinical History
Clinical history
The clinical history of amblyopia typically includes the following:
Family history: Amblyopia can have a genetic component, so a family history of the condition or other eye disorders may be relevant.
Vision problems: Patients with amblyopia may report difficulty with tasks that require good visual acuity, such as reading, driving, or recognizing faces. They may also report a history of squinting, eye strain, or headaches.
Symptoms: In some cases, patients with amblyopia may not have any obvious symptoms. However, they may report a preference for one eye over the other or a tendency to bump into objects on one side.
Onset: Amblyopia typically develops in childhood, but it may not be detected until later in life. The age of onset and duration of symptoms can provide important information for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Risk factors: Certain factors can increase the risk of developing amblyopia, such as prematurity, low birth weight, strabismus (eye misalignment), or cataracts. A history of these risk factors should be taken into account when evaluating a patient for amblyopia.
A thorough clinical history, along with a comprehensive eye exam and visual acuity testing, can help to diagnose and manage amblyopia effectively.
Physical Examination
Physical examination
A physical examination of amblyopia typically includes the following:
Visual acuity testing: Visual acuity testing is a measure of the sharpness of vision and is typically performed using an eye chart. In patients with amblyopia, one eye may have significantly worse visual acuity than the other.
Ocular alignment assessment: The eyes will be checked for any misalignment or strabismus, which can cause or worsen amblyopia.
Refractive error testing: Refractive error testing is used to determine if the patient has nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism, which can contribute to the development of amblyopia.
Examination of the ocular structures: The structures of the eye will be examined to check for any abnormalities, such as cataracts or retinal disorders, which may be causing or contributing to the amblyopia.
Contrast sensitivity testing: Contrast sensitivity testing may be performed to evaluate how well the patient is able to distinguish between different levels of brightness, which can be affected in patients with amblyopia.
Stereopsis testing: Stereopsis testing is used to evaluate the patient’s depth perception, which can be compromised in patients with amblyopia.
A comprehensive physical examination, along with a thorough clinical history, can help to diagnose and manage amblyopia effectively. The results of these tests will guide the treatment plan, which may include patching, corrective lenses, or other interventions.
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Differential diagnosis
Amblyopia is an exclusion diagnosis, which means that it can only be diagnosed after all other ocular and cerebral pathophysiology has been checked out as the reason for decreased visual acuity.
Refractive error, corneal pathology, cataract retinal pathology, and optic nerve pathology are all common reasons for diminished visual acuity. A thorough eye exam can rule out the majority of these disorders.
Cerebral eyesight & functioning (non-organic) loss of vision should be considered as well.
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
The root reason for amblyopia determines the standard treatment. The obstructive pathophysiology should be removed first to treat deprived amblyopia. Cataract surgical treatment, retinal rupture repair, corneal intervention, or therapy for a range of other ocular disorders are all possibilities.
Refractive amblyopia is frequently the most treatable. Therapy with corrective lenses for the patient’s complete refractive defect may be sufficient to rectify the amblyopia. Strabismus correction may realign the eyes in strabismic amblyopia; however, this is rarely adequate to totally restore amblyopia.
Corrective lenses: Corrective lenses, such as glasses or contact lenses, may be prescribed to correct any refractive errors that are causing amblyopia.
Patching: Patching involves covering the stronger eye with a patch for several hours a day to force the weaker eye to work harder and improve visual acuity.
Atropine eye drops:Atropine eye drops can be used to blur the vision in the stronger eye, similar to patching, to encourage the weaker eye to work harder.
Vision therapy: Vision therapy may involve exercises and activities designed to strengthen the weaker eye and improve visual acuity.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct a misaligned eye or remove a cataract that is causing the amblyopia.
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References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430890/
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Amblyopia is a vision development disease. It is caused by early-life ocular disease that prevents cortical visual development in one or both eyes. Amblyopia is commonly referred to as “lazy eye” by the wider population. Even if the ocular ailment is addressed later in life, amblyopia leads to persistent impaired vision in the pathological eye if not treated early enough. It is the most prevalent cause of single-eye visual loss in children & young adults.
When the growing visual system fails to communicate a sharp image to the visual cortex, amblyopia develops. Amblyopia can be caused by strabismus, cataracts, media opacities, and anisometropic refractive defects, which put one eye behind the other in development. Amblyopia is normally unilateral; however, it can be bilateral if both eyes have cataracts or have substantial refractive errors; how we perceive as adults are influenced by our visual experiences as children & infants.
Amblyopia is diagnosed by identifying reduced visual acuity in one or even both eyes that are out of accordance with the structural defect of the eye after ruling out any other visual problems as the root issue. When the refractive error is rectified, it is characterized as an interocular difference in acuity of two lines or over. Visual acuity in young children can be challenging to determine, but it can be assessed by examining the child’s reactions while one eye is masked, including the child’s capacity for following objects in one eye.
Amblyopia, in its different manifestations, has been estimated to impact up to 3 percent of the public, with a 1.2 percent lifetime chance of loss of vision from this illness. The highest incidence of amblyopia has lately been estimated at approximately 1.75%.
The major reason for amblyopia was anisometropia, followed by combined anisometropia & strabismus, strabismus, & visual deprivation. Mixed & strabismic amblyopia is usually diagnosed at a younger age (7.4) than anisometropic amblyopia (12.7).
Amblyopia appears to be equally prevalent in the right & left eyes. There is no evidence of a sexual preference.
With monocular vision deprivation throughout visual development, the neural networks of the visual system compete for influence on neural cells. Various components of neuronal choices, such as activity dependence, synaptic plasticity, & neuronal network learning, have distinct sensitivity periods and are thus affected differently depending on the type of vision deprivation used.
Amblyopia is determined by the anatomic linkages of photoreceptor cells to ganglion cell receptor regions, ganglion cell receptor areas to the layers of the lateral geniculate, and well as the lateral geniculate to the regions of the visual cortex. The depth of the disability is determined by its age of onset & duration. The earlier the beginning and so the longer it remains untreated, the more difficult it is to remedy amblyopia.
Amblyopia is caused by three basic factors: deprivation, strabismus, & refractive error. Deprivation amblyopia is caused by any condition that interferes with the visual system. This could be due to corneal opacity, cataracts, retinal injury, and optic nerve pathogenesis. It can also be caused by a lack of visual stimuli, such as closing one eye and living in total darkness. The most severe kind of amblyopia is caused by deprivation. Strabismus is a condition whereby your eyes do not coincide.
Diplopia is prevented in children by blocking visual information in one eye, resulting in decreased visual development in that retina. Refractive amblyopia is caused by impaired visual input as a result of astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia. In general, an eye with astigmatism or hyperopia is more likely to develop amblyopia than a myopic eye because a myopic eye can still focus on near objects.
The more thorough the visual deprivation, the more severe the amblyopia that results. The first seven years of life are important for visual development, with the initial few months or even years being the most essential. The longer the treatment for amblyopia begins, the more difficult it is to reverse clinically. This is due to irreversible anatomic alterations in the magnocellular (M) & parvocellular (P) visual pathways resulting from initial visual deprivation.
As a result, clinicians may need to operate on extensive congenital unilateral cataracts as soon as possible, often within a week of their detection. Just a few months with a congenital cataract can result in permanent amblyopia. There is normally a few weeks of flexibility with bilateral, equally thick congenital cataracts.
The prognosis of amblyopia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis, and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, the earlier amblyopia is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis. Treatment is typically more effective in children under the age of 7, as their visual system is still developing and more receptive to changes.
However, treatment can still be effective in older children and adults, though it may take longer and require more intensive therapy. With proper treatment, many patients with amblyopia can achieve significant improvement in their visual acuity, although some may not achieve completely normal vision.
In some cases, amblyopia may recur after treatment has ended, so ongoing monitoring and follow-up may be necessary to maintain the gains achieved through treatment. It is important to note that untreated or poorly managed amblyopia can lead to permanent vision loss, so it is essential to seek treatment as early as possible to maximize the chances of a good outcome.
Clinical history
The clinical history of amblyopia typically includes the following:
Family history: Amblyopia can have a genetic component, so a family history of the condition or other eye disorders may be relevant.
Vision problems: Patients with amblyopia may report difficulty with tasks that require good visual acuity, such as reading, driving, or recognizing faces. They may also report a history of squinting, eye strain, or headaches.
Symptoms: In some cases, patients with amblyopia may not have any obvious symptoms. However, they may report a preference for one eye over the other or a tendency to bump into objects on one side.
Onset: Amblyopia typically develops in childhood, but it may not be detected until later in life. The age of onset and duration of symptoms can provide important information for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Risk factors: Certain factors can increase the risk of developing amblyopia, such as prematurity, low birth weight, strabismus (eye misalignment), or cataracts. A history of these risk factors should be taken into account when evaluating a patient for amblyopia.
A thorough clinical history, along with a comprehensive eye exam and visual acuity testing, can help to diagnose and manage amblyopia effectively.
Physical examination
A physical examination of amblyopia typically includes the following:
Visual acuity testing: Visual acuity testing is a measure of the sharpness of vision and is typically performed using an eye chart. In patients with amblyopia, one eye may have significantly worse visual acuity than the other.
Ocular alignment assessment: The eyes will be checked for any misalignment or strabismus, which can cause or worsen amblyopia.
Refractive error testing: Refractive error testing is used to determine if the patient has nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism, which can contribute to the development of amblyopia.
Examination of the ocular structures: The structures of the eye will be examined to check for any abnormalities, such as cataracts or retinal disorders, which may be causing or contributing to the amblyopia.
Contrast sensitivity testing: Contrast sensitivity testing may be performed to evaluate how well the patient is able to distinguish between different levels of brightness, which can be affected in patients with amblyopia.
Stereopsis testing: Stereopsis testing is used to evaluate the patient’s depth perception, which can be compromised in patients with amblyopia.
A comprehensive physical examination, along with a thorough clinical history, can help to diagnose and manage amblyopia effectively. The results of these tests will guide the treatment plan, which may include patching, corrective lenses, or other interventions.
Differential diagnosis
Amblyopia is an exclusion diagnosis, which means that it can only be diagnosed after all other ocular and cerebral pathophysiology has been checked out as the reason for decreased visual acuity.
Refractive error, corneal pathology, cataract retinal pathology, and optic nerve pathology are all common reasons for diminished visual acuity. A thorough eye exam can rule out the majority of these disorders.
Cerebral eyesight & functioning (non-organic) loss of vision should be considered as well.
The root reason for amblyopia determines the standard treatment. The obstructive pathophysiology should be removed first to treat deprived amblyopia. Cataract surgical treatment, retinal rupture repair, corneal intervention, or therapy for a range of other ocular disorders are all possibilities.
Refractive amblyopia is frequently the most treatable. Therapy with corrective lenses for the patient’s complete refractive defect may be sufficient to rectify the amblyopia. Strabismus correction may realign the eyes in strabismic amblyopia; however, this is rarely adequate to totally restore amblyopia.
Corrective lenses: Corrective lenses, such as glasses or contact lenses, may be prescribed to correct any refractive errors that are causing amblyopia.
Patching: Patching involves covering the stronger eye with a patch for several hours a day to force the weaker eye to work harder and improve visual acuity.
Atropine eye drops:Atropine eye drops can be used to blur the vision in the stronger eye, similar to patching, to encourage the weaker eye to work harder.
Vision therapy: Vision therapy may involve exercises and activities designed to strengthen the weaker eye and improve visual acuity.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct a misaligned eye or remove a cataract that is causing the amblyopia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430890/
medtigo
Amblyopia
Updated :
September 6, 2023
Amblyopia is a vision development disease. It is caused by early-life ocular disease that prevents cortical visual development in one or both eyes. Amblyopia is commonly referred to as “lazy eye” by the wider population. Even if the ocular ailment is addressed later in life, amblyopia leads to persistent impaired vision in the pathological eye if not treated early enough. It is the most prevalent cause of single-eye visual loss in children & young adults.
When the growing visual system fails to communicate a sharp image to the visual cortex, amblyopia develops. Amblyopia can be caused by strabismus, cataracts, media opacities, and anisometropic refractive defects, which put one eye behind the other in development. Amblyopia is normally unilateral; however, it can be bilateral if both eyes have cataracts or have substantial refractive errors; how we perceive as adults are influenced by our visual experiences as children & infants.
Amblyopia is diagnosed by identifying reduced visual acuity in one or even both eyes that are out of accordance with the structural defect of the eye after ruling out any other visual problems as the root issue. When the refractive error is rectified, it is characterized as an interocular difference in acuity of two lines or over. Visual acuity in young children can be challenging to determine, but it can be assessed by examining the child’s reactions while one eye is masked, including the child’s capacity for following objects in one eye.
Amblyopia, in its different manifestations, has been estimated to impact up to 3 percent of the public, with a 1.2 percent lifetime chance of loss of vision from this illness. The highest incidence of amblyopia has lately been estimated at approximately 1.75%.
The major reason for amblyopia was anisometropia, followed by combined anisometropia & strabismus, strabismus, & visual deprivation. Mixed & strabismic amblyopia is usually diagnosed at a younger age (7.4) than anisometropic amblyopia (12.7).
Amblyopia appears to be equally prevalent in the right & left eyes. There is no evidence of a sexual preference.
With monocular vision deprivation throughout visual development, the neural networks of the visual system compete for influence on neural cells. Various components of neuronal choices, such as activity dependence, synaptic plasticity, & neuronal network learning, have distinct sensitivity periods and are thus affected differently depending on the type of vision deprivation used.
Amblyopia is determined by the anatomic linkages of photoreceptor cells to ganglion cell receptor regions, ganglion cell receptor areas to the layers of the lateral geniculate, and well as the lateral geniculate to the regions of the visual cortex. The depth of the disability is determined by its age of onset & duration. The earlier the beginning and so the longer it remains untreated, the more difficult it is to remedy amblyopia.
Amblyopia is caused by three basic factors: deprivation, strabismus, & refractive error. Deprivation amblyopia is caused by any condition that interferes with the visual system. This could be due to corneal opacity, cataracts, retinal injury, and optic nerve pathogenesis. It can also be caused by a lack of visual stimuli, such as closing one eye and living in total darkness. The most severe kind of amblyopia is caused by deprivation. Strabismus is a condition whereby your eyes do not coincide.
Diplopia is prevented in children by blocking visual information in one eye, resulting in decreased visual development in that retina. Refractive amblyopia is caused by impaired visual input as a result of astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia. In general, an eye with astigmatism or hyperopia is more likely to develop amblyopia than a myopic eye because a myopic eye can still focus on near objects.
The more thorough the visual deprivation, the more severe the amblyopia that results. The first seven years of life are important for visual development, with the initial few months or even years being the most essential. The longer the treatment for amblyopia begins, the more difficult it is to reverse clinically. This is due to irreversible anatomic alterations in the magnocellular (M) & parvocellular (P) visual pathways resulting from initial visual deprivation.
As a result, clinicians may need to operate on extensive congenital unilateral cataracts as soon as possible, often within a week of their detection. Just a few months with a congenital cataract can result in permanent amblyopia. There is normally a few weeks of flexibility with bilateral, equally thick congenital cataracts.
The prognosis of amblyopia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis, and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, the earlier amblyopia is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis. Treatment is typically more effective in children under the age of 7, as their visual system is still developing and more receptive to changes.
However, treatment can still be effective in older children and adults, though it may take longer and require more intensive therapy. With proper treatment, many patients with amblyopia can achieve significant improvement in their visual acuity, although some may not achieve completely normal vision.
In some cases, amblyopia may recur after treatment has ended, so ongoing monitoring and follow-up may be necessary to maintain the gains achieved through treatment. It is important to note that untreated or poorly managed amblyopia can lead to permanent vision loss, so it is essential to seek treatment as early as possible to maximize the chances of a good outcome.
Clinical history
The clinical history of amblyopia typically includes the following:
Family history: Amblyopia can have a genetic component, so a family history of the condition or other eye disorders may be relevant.
Vision problems: Patients with amblyopia may report difficulty with tasks that require good visual acuity, such as reading, driving, or recognizing faces. They may also report a history of squinting, eye strain, or headaches.
Symptoms: In some cases, patients with amblyopia may not have any obvious symptoms. However, they may report a preference for one eye over the other or a tendency to bump into objects on one side.
Onset: Amblyopia typically develops in childhood, but it may not be detected until later in life. The age of onset and duration of symptoms can provide important information for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Risk factors: Certain factors can increase the risk of developing amblyopia, such as prematurity, low birth weight, strabismus (eye misalignment), or cataracts. A history of these risk factors should be taken into account when evaluating a patient for amblyopia.
A thorough clinical history, along with a comprehensive eye exam and visual acuity testing, can help to diagnose and manage amblyopia effectively.
Physical examination
A physical examination of amblyopia typically includes the following:
Visual acuity testing: Visual acuity testing is a measure of the sharpness of vision and is typically performed using an eye chart. In patients with amblyopia, one eye may have significantly worse visual acuity than the other.
Ocular alignment assessment: The eyes will be checked for any misalignment or strabismus, which can cause or worsen amblyopia.
Refractive error testing: Refractive error testing is used to determine if the patient has nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism, which can contribute to the development of amblyopia.
Examination of the ocular structures: The structures of the eye will be examined to check for any abnormalities, such as cataracts or retinal disorders, which may be causing or contributing to the amblyopia.
Contrast sensitivity testing: Contrast sensitivity testing may be performed to evaluate how well the patient is able to distinguish between different levels of brightness, which can be affected in patients with amblyopia.
Stereopsis testing: Stereopsis testing is used to evaluate the patient’s depth perception, which can be compromised in patients with amblyopia.
A comprehensive physical examination, along with a thorough clinical history, can help to diagnose and manage amblyopia effectively. The results of these tests will guide the treatment plan, which may include patching, corrective lenses, or other interventions.
Differential diagnosis
Amblyopia is an exclusion diagnosis, which means that it can only be diagnosed after all other ocular and cerebral pathophysiology has been checked out as the reason for decreased visual acuity.
Refractive error, corneal pathology, cataract retinal pathology, and optic nerve pathology are all common reasons for diminished visual acuity. A thorough eye exam can rule out the majority of these disorders.
Cerebral eyesight & functioning (non-organic) loss of vision should be considered as well.
The root reason for amblyopia determines the standard treatment. The obstructive pathophysiology should be removed first to treat deprived amblyopia. Cataract surgical treatment, retinal rupture repair, corneal intervention, or therapy for a range of other ocular disorders are all possibilities.
Refractive amblyopia is frequently the most treatable. Therapy with corrective lenses for the patient’s complete refractive defect may be sufficient to rectify the amblyopia. Strabismus correction may realign the eyes in strabismic amblyopia; however, this is rarely adequate to totally restore amblyopia.
Corrective lenses: Corrective lenses, such as glasses or contact lenses, may be prescribed to correct any refractive errors that are causing amblyopia.
Patching: Patching involves covering the stronger eye with a patch for several hours a day to force the weaker eye to work harder and improve visual acuity.
Atropine eye drops:Atropine eye drops can be used to blur the vision in the stronger eye, similar to patching, to encourage the weaker eye to work harder.
Vision therapy: Vision therapy may involve exercises and activities designed to strengthen the weaker eye and improve visual acuity.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct a misaligned eye or remove a cataract that is causing the amblyopia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430890/
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