Anal cancer is a rare malignancy. The estimated incidence rate of anal cancer in the US in 2017 is 8,200, and the number of fatalities attributable to this disease are 1,100.
Epidemiology
Anal cancer is an uncommon tumor that accounts for about 2.5% of digestive system cancers in the US. According to data from the SEER database of the National Cancer Institute, the incidence of new cases in the United States in 2017 was 8,200, with approximately 1,100 deaths. Between 2007 and 2013, the overall five-year survival rate was 66.9 percent.
Also, based on statistics collected between 2012 and 2014, roughly only 0.2% of individuals will develop anal cancer in their lifetime. Women are around 75% more likely to develop it. Patients with viral genital infections, such as HSV and HIV, are more likely to develop anal cancer. Additionally, individuals with several sexual partners, anal-receptive intercourse, condyloma infections, or AIDS also have a higher prevalence.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
It is considered that the pathophysiology of anal cancer development is closely linked to a complex inflammatory process resulting from infections like HSV. In a Scandinavian investigation, serotype 16 was discovered in 73% of anal cancer samples, and in 84% of the samples both HSV serotypes 16, 18 or both were found.
The progression of this inflammatory process leads the development of premalignant anal intraepithelial neoplasia or of Bowen disease. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia is categorized from I to III based on the anomalies in differentiation and maturation of the squamous layers, mitotic activity, nuclear membrane alterations, and the severity of these abnormalities.
In around 10 to 11 percent of cases, anal intraepithelial neoplasia can develop into squamous cell carcinoma. Even in the absence of AIDS, HIV-positive patients have a greater rate of conversion to squamous cell carcinoma. The majority of anal malignancies are squamous or colitogenic, including the exceptions of a few adenocarcinomas and some uncommon instances of melanoma. Tumors often spread by local extension, but they can potentially metastasize.
Etiology
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV 16, and anal cancer are correlated. Consequently, certain populations, such as young men with genital virus infections, have a higher incidence. A comprehensive investigation revealed an association between sexual activity, venereal diseases, and anal cancer.
Earlier, underpowered investigations connected anal-receptive sexual activity to an increased incidence of anal cancer, although this still needs to be verified by a large-scale study. Condyloma infections are also linked to anal cancer in heterosexual men and the general public.
A study revealed that anal cancer was related with herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 infection and Chlamydia trachomatis in women with genital warts. In contrast, the absence of genital warts was associated with gonorrhea infection in males. HIV patients are 40 times more likely to develop anal cancer than the general population.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
The SEER database has information about 5-year survival rates of anal cancer depending on its SEER stage. The SEER stage of the cancer is dependent on how far it has spread from its origin.
The overall 5-year survival rate of anal cancer is 69%. 5-year survival rates for localized, regional and distant anal cancers are 82%, 66%, and 35% respectively.
Anal cancer is a rare malignancy. The estimated incidence rate of anal cancer in the US in 2017 is 8,200, and the number of fatalities attributable to this disease are 1,100.
Anal cancer is an uncommon tumor that accounts for about 2.5% of digestive system cancers in the US. According to data from the SEER database of the National Cancer Institute, the incidence of new cases in the United States in 2017 was 8,200, with approximately 1,100 deaths. Between 2007 and 2013, the overall five-year survival rate was 66.9 percent.
Also, based on statistics collected between 2012 and 2014, roughly only 0.2% of individuals will develop anal cancer in their lifetime. Women are around 75% more likely to develop it. Patients with viral genital infections, such as HSV and HIV, are more likely to develop anal cancer. Additionally, individuals with several sexual partners, anal-receptive intercourse, condyloma infections, or AIDS also have a higher prevalence.
It is considered that the pathophysiology of anal cancer development is closely linked to a complex inflammatory process resulting from infections like HSV. In a Scandinavian investigation, serotype 16 was discovered in 73% of anal cancer samples, and in 84% of the samples both HSV serotypes 16, 18 or both were found.
The progression of this inflammatory process leads the development of premalignant anal intraepithelial neoplasia or of Bowen disease. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia is categorized from I to III based on the anomalies in differentiation and maturation of the squamous layers, mitotic activity, nuclear membrane alterations, and the severity of these abnormalities.
In around 10 to 11 percent of cases, anal intraepithelial neoplasia can develop into squamous cell carcinoma. Even in the absence of AIDS, HIV-positive patients have a greater rate of conversion to squamous cell carcinoma. The majority of anal malignancies are squamous or colitogenic, including the exceptions of a few adenocarcinomas and some uncommon instances of melanoma. Tumors often spread by local extension, but they can potentially metastasize.
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV 16, and anal cancer are correlated. Consequently, certain populations, such as young men with genital virus infections, have a higher incidence. A comprehensive investigation revealed an association between sexual activity, venereal diseases, and anal cancer.
Earlier, underpowered investigations connected anal-receptive sexual activity to an increased incidence of anal cancer, although this still needs to be verified by a large-scale study. Condyloma infections are also linked to anal cancer in heterosexual men and the general public.
A study revealed that anal cancer was related with herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 infection and Chlamydia trachomatis in women with genital warts. In contrast, the absence of genital warts was associated with gonorrhea infection in males. HIV patients are 40 times more likely to develop anal cancer than the general population.
The SEER database has information about 5-year survival rates of anal cancer depending on its SEER stage. The SEER stage of the cancer is dependent on how far it has spread from its origin.
The overall 5-year survival rate of anal cancer is 69%. 5-year survival rates for localized, regional and distant anal cancers are 82%, 66%, and 35% respectively.
Anal cancer is a rare malignancy. The estimated incidence rate of anal cancer in the US in 2017 is 8,200, and the number of fatalities attributable to this disease are 1,100.
Anal cancer is an uncommon tumor that accounts for about 2.5% of digestive system cancers in the US. According to data from the SEER database of the National Cancer Institute, the incidence of new cases in the United States in 2017 was 8,200, with approximately 1,100 deaths. Between 2007 and 2013, the overall five-year survival rate was 66.9 percent.
Also, based on statistics collected between 2012 and 2014, roughly only 0.2% of individuals will develop anal cancer in their lifetime. Women are around 75% more likely to develop it. Patients with viral genital infections, such as HSV and HIV, are more likely to develop anal cancer. Additionally, individuals with several sexual partners, anal-receptive intercourse, condyloma infections, or AIDS also have a higher prevalence.
It is considered that the pathophysiology of anal cancer development is closely linked to a complex inflammatory process resulting from infections like HSV. In a Scandinavian investigation, serotype 16 was discovered in 73% of anal cancer samples, and in 84% of the samples both HSV serotypes 16, 18 or both were found.
The progression of this inflammatory process leads the development of premalignant anal intraepithelial neoplasia or of Bowen disease. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia is categorized from I to III based on the anomalies in differentiation and maturation of the squamous layers, mitotic activity, nuclear membrane alterations, and the severity of these abnormalities.
In around 10 to 11 percent of cases, anal intraepithelial neoplasia can develop into squamous cell carcinoma. Even in the absence of AIDS, HIV-positive patients have a greater rate of conversion to squamous cell carcinoma. The majority of anal malignancies are squamous or colitogenic, including the exceptions of a few adenocarcinomas and some uncommon instances of melanoma. Tumors often spread by local extension, but they can potentially metastasize.
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV 16, and anal cancer are correlated. Consequently, certain populations, such as young men with genital virus infections, have a higher incidence. A comprehensive investigation revealed an association between sexual activity, venereal diseases, and anal cancer.
Earlier, underpowered investigations connected anal-receptive sexual activity to an increased incidence of anal cancer, although this still needs to be verified by a large-scale study. Condyloma infections are also linked to anal cancer in heterosexual men and the general public.
A study revealed that anal cancer was related with herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 infection and Chlamydia trachomatis in women with genital warts. In contrast, the absence of genital warts was associated with gonorrhea infection in males. HIV patients are 40 times more likely to develop anal cancer than the general population.
The SEER database has information about 5-year survival rates of anal cancer depending on its SEER stage. The SEER stage of the cancer is dependent on how far it has spread from its origin.
The overall 5-year survival rate of anal cancer is 69%. 5-year survival rates for localized, regional and distant anal cancers are 82%, 66%, and 35% respectively.
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