Typical and atypical carcinoid tumors make up for only 1% of all lung cancers. 80% of these tumors arise centrally, and 20% of them peripherally.
Typical carcinoid tumors are low-grade, whereas atypical carcinoid tumors are intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumors. Metastasis can occur in all bronchial carcinoids, and they are all cancerous.
Epidemiology
Under 1% of all initial lung malignancies are carcinoid tumours. The average age at onset is approximately 50 years, but they can manifest at any age between 5-90. Atypical carcinoids appear around ten years after their typical counterparts.
Approximately 8% develop between 11-20, therefore they are one of the most prevalent primary lung tumors in children Typical carcinoids are not associated with tobacco use, however atypical carcinoids are more frequently reported in smokers.
Risk factors for pulmonary carcinoid tumors include previous family history of carcinoid tumours and the presence of MEN1 genes. This also demonstrates a hereditary pattern of the tumor.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) arising in the lungs include lung carcinoids. These NETs may manifest as low-grade, well-differentiated, slow-growing tumours or as unusual high-grade, poorly differentiated carcinomas.
NETs share the ability to produce neuropeptides, and demonstrate the presence of submicroscopic cytoplasmic dense-core structures.
Etiology
It’s not clear how carcinoid tumours develop and grow, but it’s hypothesised that some of them begin developing when pulmonary neuroendocrine cells multiply, possibly through a condition called diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and through tumorlets.
Several studies have demonstrated an association between this malignancy and smoking, but the causal link is not yet established. In addition to air pollution and specific chemicals, certain risk factors have been identified in other research. Some data indicates a higher occurrence among white-skinned individuals and women.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
According to the SEER database, the 5-year survival rate for carcinoid lung tumors is especially high. Overall, it is 90%, and it is respectively 98%, 87%, and 58% for localised, regional, and distant tumors.
pemetrexed on day 1 of a 21-day cycle in combination with pembrolizumab and platinum therapy for 4 cycles
500 mg/m2 IV pemetrexed on day 1 of a 21-day cycle in combination with cisplatin for up to 6 cycles
Single-agent therapy:
500 mg/m2 pemetrexed IV on day 1 of 21-day cycle continue until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity
Typical and atypical carcinoid tumors make up for only 1% of all lung cancers. 80% of these tumors arise centrally, and 20% of them peripherally.
Typical carcinoid tumors are low-grade, whereas atypical carcinoid tumors are intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumors. Metastasis can occur in all bronchial carcinoids, and they are all cancerous.
Under 1% of all initial lung malignancies are carcinoid tumours. The average age at onset is approximately 50 years, but they can manifest at any age between 5-90. Atypical carcinoids appear around ten years after their typical counterparts.
Approximately 8% develop between 11-20, therefore they are one of the most prevalent primary lung tumors in children Typical carcinoids are not associated with tobacco use, however atypical carcinoids are more frequently reported in smokers.
Risk factors for pulmonary carcinoid tumors include previous family history of carcinoid tumours and the presence of MEN1 genes. This also demonstrates a hereditary pattern of the tumor.
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) arising in the lungs include lung carcinoids. These NETs may manifest as low-grade, well-differentiated, slow-growing tumours or as unusual high-grade, poorly differentiated carcinomas.
NETs share the ability to produce neuropeptides, and demonstrate the presence of submicroscopic cytoplasmic dense-core structures.
It’s not clear how carcinoid tumours develop and grow, but it’s hypothesised that some of them begin developing when pulmonary neuroendocrine cells multiply, possibly through a condition called diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and through tumorlets.
Several studies have demonstrated an association between this malignancy and smoking, but the causal link is not yet established. In addition to air pollution and specific chemicals, certain risk factors have been identified in other research. Some data indicates a higher occurrence among white-skinned individuals and women.
According to the SEER database, the 5-year survival rate for carcinoid lung tumors is especially high. Overall, it is 90%, and it is respectively 98%, 87%, and 58% for localised, regional, and distant tumors.
pemetrexed on day 1 of a 21-day cycle in combination with pembrolizumab and platinum therapy for 4 cycles
500 mg/m2 IV pemetrexed on day 1 of a 21-day cycle in combination with cisplatin for up to 6 cycles
Single-agent therapy:
500 mg/m2 pemetrexed IV on day 1 of 21-day cycle continue until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity
Typical and atypical carcinoid tumors make up for only 1% of all lung cancers. 80% of these tumors arise centrally, and 20% of them peripherally.
Typical carcinoid tumors are low-grade, whereas atypical carcinoid tumors are intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumors. Metastasis can occur in all bronchial carcinoids, and they are all cancerous.
Under 1% of all initial lung malignancies are carcinoid tumours. The average age at onset is approximately 50 years, but they can manifest at any age between 5-90. Atypical carcinoids appear around ten years after their typical counterparts.
Approximately 8% develop between 11-20, therefore they are one of the most prevalent primary lung tumors in children Typical carcinoids are not associated with tobacco use, however atypical carcinoids are more frequently reported in smokers.
Risk factors for pulmonary carcinoid tumors include previous family history of carcinoid tumours and the presence of MEN1 genes. This also demonstrates a hereditary pattern of the tumor.
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) arising in the lungs include lung carcinoids. These NETs may manifest as low-grade, well-differentiated, slow-growing tumours or as unusual high-grade, poorly differentiated carcinomas.
NETs share the ability to produce neuropeptides, and demonstrate the presence of submicroscopic cytoplasmic dense-core structures.
It’s not clear how carcinoid tumours develop and grow, but it’s hypothesised that some of them begin developing when pulmonary neuroendocrine cells multiply, possibly through a condition called diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and through tumorlets.
Several studies have demonstrated an association between this malignancy and smoking, but the causal link is not yet established. In addition to air pollution and specific chemicals, certain risk factors have been identified in other research. Some data indicates a higher occurrence among white-skinned individuals and women.
According to the SEER database, the 5-year survival rate for carcinoid lung tumors is especially high. Overall, it is 90%, and it is respectively 98%, 87%, and 58% for localised, regional, and distant tumors.
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