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Carcinoma of Prostate

Updated : April 19, 2023





Background

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Pathophysiology

Etiology

Genetics

Prognostic Factors

Clinical History

Physical Examination

Age group

Associated comorbidity

Associated activity

Acuity of presentation

Differential Diagnoses

Laboratory Studies

Imaging Studies

Procedures

Histologic Findings

Staging

Treatment Paradigm

by Stage

by Modality

Chemotherapy

Radiation Therapy

Surgical Interventions

Hormone Therapy

Immunotherapy

Hyperthermia

Photodynamic Therapy

Stem Cell Transplant

Targeted Therapy

Palliative Care

Medication

 

nilutamide

Initial dose:

300

mg

Tablet

Orally 

once a day

30

days



nilutamide

Maintenance dose:

150

mg

Tablet

Orally 

once a day

continue until disease progression or severe health side effects



Dose Adjustments

• Mild or moderate impairment: no significant dose adjustment provided • Serious hepatic impairment: Avoid the use of nilutamide • Hepatotoxic during treatment (ALT > 2 x ULN or jaundice): permanently terminate the treatment

abiraterone

Metastatic cancer:

1000

mg

Orally 

once a day

in combination with prednisone 5 mg twice a day.
Or
500 mg orally once a day in combination with methyl prednisone 4 mg twice a day.



Dose Adjustments

Moderate hepatotoxicity: 125 mg once a day
Severe hepatotoxicity: discontinue the treatment

triptorelin

3.75

mg

Intramuscular (IM)

4

weeks

or 11.25 mg shown IM for every 12 weeks, or 22.5 mg given IM for every 24 weeks



Dose Adjustments

Renal Dose Adjustments:
There is no adjustment recommended
Liver Dose Adjustments:
There is no adjustment recommended

cyproterone

200 - 300

mg

Orally 

given in 2 to 3 divided doses in a day.
Or
300 mg IM once a week, reduce the dose to 300 mg once every 2 weeks depending on clinical symptoms.



Dose Adjustments

Meningioma: Terminate the cyproterone administration permanently.
Thrombophlebitis/thromboembolism: Discontinue treatment.
Prostate-specific antigen progression: discontinue cyproterone treatment and monitor for withdrawal symptoms.

cabazitaxel

Metastatic cancer:

20

mg/m^2

Intravenous (IV)

every 3 weeks

in combination with prednisone 10 mg orally throughout the treatment.



Dose Adjustments

Grade ≥3 diarrhea despite appropriate medication, fluid, and electrolyte replacement: Delay treatment until improvement or resolution, then reduce dose by 1 level.
Grade 2 peripheral neuropathy, delay treatment and reduce dose by 1 level.
Grade >3 peripheral neuropathy Discontinue.

flutamide

Metastatic/non-metastatic:

250

mg

Orally 

3 times a day

in combination with a luteinizing hormone-releasing agonist



Dose Adjustments

Use of flutamide in severe hepatic impairment is contraindicated.
The use of flutamide is prohibited for patients under dialysis.

enzalutamide

Metastatic:

160

mg

orally

once a day



Dose Adjustments

  • For grade 3 to grade 2 toxicity: Discontinue the treatment, intolerable side effects occur
    Resume the dose with 75% (120 mg orally once a day), if symptoms improve
  • Serious hypersensitivity reactions: Permanently discontinue the treatment
  • Grade 3 or 4, ischemic heart disease: discontinue the treatment
  • Posterior reversible encephalopathy, Seizures: Permanently discontinue the treatment
  • apalutamide

    Metastatic/non-metastatic:

    240

    mg

    Tablet

    Orally 

    once a day

    in combination with continuous androgen deprivation therapy



    Dose Adjustments

    Grade 3 or higher toxicity: Hold the dosing temporarily until symptoms improve to grade 1 or lower and resume the dose with 120 to 180 mg. Cerebrovascular events, grade 3 or 4: discontinue the dosing Dermatologic toxicity: if not managed by oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids, interrupt or reduce apalutamide dose until symptoms improve Fracture: manage with the use of bone-modifying agents Seizure: discontinue apalutamide dosing permanently Thyroid dysfunction: adjust/ reduce the dose initially, initiate thyroid replacement therapy if indicated

    bicalutamide

    When bicalutamide is combined with an LHRH analog:

    50

    mg

    Orally

    once a day



    Dose Adjustments

    Renal Dose Adjustments
    No adjustment required
    Liver Dose Adjustments
    Caution recommended.

    degarelix

    The initial dose was 240 mg as two subcutaneous injections of 120 mg each at a concentration of 40 mg per ml.
    80 mg is given as the Maintenance Dose for one subcutaneous injection at a concentration of 20 mg per ml every 28 days
    the first maintenance dose should be administered 28 days only after the initial dose



    Dose Adjustments

    Renal Dose Adjustments:
    No adjustment is recommended for mild renal impairment (CrCl 50-80 ml per min)
    Use with caution for moderate to severe renal impairment (CrCl <50 ml per min)
    Liver Dose Adjustments:
    No adjustment is recommended for mild to moderate Hepatic Impairment (Child-Pugh A and B)
    Data not available and used with caution for Severe Hepatic Impairment (Child-Pugh C)

    goserelin

    Monthly implant: 3.6 mg subcutaneously placed in the upper abdominal wall for every 28days
    3-month implant: 10.8 mg subcutaneously placed in the upper abdominal wall for every 12week
    Long term treatment intended for unless clinically inappropriate



    histrelin

    50 mg implant given SC for every 12 months
    The maximum duration of treatment includes removing the implant after 12 months



    Dose Adjustments

    Renal Impairment:
    Dose adjustment not required
    Liver impairment:
    No data available

    radium-223 dichloride 


    55kBq/kg intravenous infusion for 1 minute. Repeat every four weeks for total of 6 weeks



    Dose Adjustments

    The volume of radium-223 to be administered to a patient should be calculated using the patient's body weight in kilograms, the dosage level of 55 kBq/kg or 1.49 microcurie/kg, the radioactivity concentration of the product at the reference date (1,100 kBq/mL or 30 microcurie/mL), and a decay correction factor to account for the physical decay of the radium-223
    The formula for this calculation is (body weight in kg x dosage level) ÷ (decay factor x radioactivity concentration)
    The decay correction factor can be found in the prescribing information based on the vial's reference date

    olaparib 

    Indicated for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
    300 mg orally twice daily. Continue for a year or until unacceptable toxicity, disease recurrence, or whichever occurs first



    rucaparib 

    rucaparib is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer in men who have been treated with taxane-based chemotherapy and androgen receptor-directed therapy before
    A dose of 600 mg is administered orally twice daily
    The medication is continued until the disease is reduced to acceptable toxicity
    Dose Modifications
    In case of adverse reactions, the dose is modified or reduced
    The pattern of dose reduction goes like this
    First dose reduction: 500 mg daily (two tablets of 250 mg per day)
    Second dose reduction: 400 mg daily (two tablets of 200 mg per day)
    Third dose reduction: 300 mg daily (one tablet of 300 mg per day)
    Hepatic impairment
    In case of mild to moderate impairment (total bilirubin <3 x upper limit of normal or AST > upper limit of normal): No dosage modification is recommended
    In case of severe impairment (total bilirubin > 3 x upper normal limit and any AST), no studies performed
    Renal impairment
    In case of mild-to-moderate impairment (when CrCl is 30-89), no dose adjustment is required
    In case of severe impairment (when CrCl <30 mL/min) or patients are on dialysis, no studies are performed



    mitoxantrone 

    12-14 mg/m2 intravenous every 21 days for three weeks when combined with corticosteroids



    esterified estrogens 

    The drug is indicated for non-operable prostate cancer
    1.25-2.5 mg orally every 8 hours



    quercetin 

    500mg orally twice a day



    lutetium lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan 

    Indicated in the treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer in people who are treated with taxane chemotherapy and androgen receptor pathway inhibition
    7.4 GBq intravenously every 6 weeks up to 6 doses or until the disease is progressed



    lutetium lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan 

    Indicated in the treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer in people who are treated with taxane chemotherapy and androgen receptor pathway inhibition
    7.4 GBq intravenously every 6 weeks up to 6 doses or until the disease is progressed
    Dose Modifications If the treatment gets delayed for more than 4 weeks, discontinue the treatment
    Reduce the dose by 20% (up to 5.9GBq) once
    In the case of 2nd to 3rd-grade myelosuppression, reduce the dose by 20%
    For 3rd-grade myelosuppression, discontinue permanently
    In the case of renal and hepatic impairment, no dose adjustment is required



     

    apalutamide

    No safe dosing is established



     

    apalutamide

    Refer adult dosing



    esterified estrogens 

    1.25-2.5 mg orally every 8 hours



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    References

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    Carcinoma of Prostate

    Updated : April 19, 2023




    nilutamide

    Initial dose:

    300

    mg

    Tablet

    Orally 

    once a day

    30

    days



    nilutamide

    Maintenance dose:

    150

    mg

    Tablet

    Orally 

    once a day

    continue until disease progression or severe health side effects



    Dose Adjustments

    • Mild or moderate impairment: no significant dose adjustment provided • Serious hepatic impairment: Avoid the use of nilutamide • Hepatotoxic during treatment (ALT > 2 x ULN or jaundice): permanently terminate the treatment

    abiraterone

    Metastatic cancer:

    1000

    mg

    Orally 

    once a day

    in combination with prednisone 5 mg twice a day.
    Or
    500 mg orally once a day in combination with methyl prednisone 4 mg twice a day.



    Dose Adjustments

    Moderate hepatotoxicity: 125 mg once a day
    Severe hepatotoxicity: discontinue the treatment

    triptorelin

    3.75

    mg

    Intramuscular (IM)

    4

    weeks

    or 11.25 mg shown IM for every 12 weeks, or 22.5 mg given IM for every 24 weeks



    Dose Adjustments

    Renal Dose Adjustments:
    There is no adjustment recommended
    Liver Dose Adjustments:
    There is no adjustment recommended

    cyproterone

    200 - 300

    mg

    Orally 

    given in 2 to 3 divided doses in a day.
    Or
    300 mg IM once a week, reduce the dose to 300 mg once every 2 weeks depending on clinical symptoms.



    Dose Adjustments

    Meningioma: Terminate the cyproterone administration permanently.
    Thrombophlebitis/thromboembolism: Discontinue treatment.
    Prostate-specific antigen progression: discontinue cyproterone treatment and monitor for withdrawal symptoms.

    cabazitaxel

    Metastatic cancer:

    20

    mg/m^2

    Intravenous (IV)

    every 3 weeks

    in combination with prednisone 10 mg orally throughout the treatment.



    Dose Adjustments

    Grade ≥3 diarrhea despite appropriate medication, fluid, and electrolyte replacement: Delay treatment until improvement or resolution, then reduce dose by 1 level.
    Grade 2 peripheral neuropathy, delay treatment and reduce dose by 1 level.
    Grade >3 peripheral neuropathy Discontinue.

    flutamide

    Metastatic/non-metastatic:

    250

    mg

    Orally 

    3 times a day

    in combination with a luteinizing hormone-releasing agonist



    Dose Adjustments

    Use of flutamide in severe hepatic impairment is contraindicated.
    The use of flutamide is prohibited for patients under dialysis.

    enzalutamide

    Metastatic:

    160

    mg

    orally

    once a day



    Dose Adjustments

  • For grade 3 to grade 2 toxicity: Discontinue the treatment, intolerable side effects occur
    Resume the dose with 75% (120 mg orally once a day), if symptoms improve
  • Serious hypersensitivity reactions: Permanently discontinue the treatment
  • Grade 3 or 4, ischemic heart disease: discontinue the treatment
  • Posterior reversible encephalopathy, Seizures: Permanently discontinue the treatment
  • apalutamide

    Metastatic/non-metastatic:

    240

    mg

    Tablet

    Orally 

    once a day

    in combination with continuous androgen deprivation therapy



    Dose Adjustments

    Grade 3 or higher toxicity: Hold the dosing temporarily until symptoms improve to grade 1 or lower and resume the dose with 120 to 180 mg. Cerebrovascular events, grade 3 or 4: discontinue the dosing Dermatologic toxicity: if not managed by oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids, interrupt or reduce apalutamide dose until symptoms improve Fracture: manage with the use of bone-modifying agents Seizure: discontinue apalutamide dosing permanently Thyroid dysfunction: adjust/ reduce the dose initially, initiate thyroid replacement therapy if indicated

    bicalutamide

    When bicalutamide is combined with an LHRH analog:

    50

    mg

    Orally

    once a day



    Dose Adjustments

    Renal Dose Adjustments
    No adjustment required
    Liver Dose Adjustments
    Caution recommended.

    degarelix

    The initial dose was 240 mg as two subcutaneous injections of 120 mg each at a concentration of 40 mg per ml.
    80 mg is given as the Maintenance Dose for one subcutaneous injection at a concentration of 20 mg per ml every 28 days
    the first maintenance dose should be administered 28 days only after the initial dose



    Dose Adjustments

    Renal Dose Adjustments:
    No adjustment is recommended for mild renal impairment (CrCl 50-80 ml per min)
    Use with caution for moderate to severe renal impairment (CrCl <50 ml per min)
    Liver Dose Adjustments:
    No adjustment is recommended for mild to moderate Hepatic Impairment (Child-Pugh A and B)
    Data not available and used with caution for Severe Hepatic Impairment (Child-Pugh C)

    goserelin

    Monthly implant: 3.6 mg subcutaneously placed in the upper abdominal wall for every 28days
    3-month implant: 10.8 mg subcutaneously placed in the upper abdominal wall for every 12week
    Long term treatment intended for unless clinically inappropriate



    histrelin

    50 mg implant given SC for every 12 months
    The maximum duration of treatment includes removing the implant after 12 months



    Dose Adjustments

    Renal Impairment:
    Dose adjustment not required
    Liver impairment:
    No data available

    radium-223 dichloride 


    55kBq/kg intravenous infusion for 1 minute. Repeat every four weeks for total of 6 weeks



    Dose Adjustments

    The volume of radium-223 to be administered to a patient should be calculated using the patient's body weight in kilograms, the dosage level of 55 kBq/kg or 1.49 microcurie/kg, the radioactivity concentration of the product at the reference date (1,100 kBq/mL or 30 microcurie/mL), and a decay correction factor to account for the physical decay of the radium-223
    The formula for this calculation is (body weight in kg x dosage level) ÷ (decay factor x radioactivity concentration)
    The decay correction factor can be found in the prescribing information based on the vial's reference date

    olaparib 

    Indicated for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
    300 mg orally twice daily. Continue for a year or until unacceptable toxicity, disease recurrence, or whichever occurs first



    rucaparib 

    rucaparib is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer in men who have been treated with taxane-based chemotherapy and androgen receptor-directed therapy before
    A dose of 600 mg is administered orally twice daily
    The medication is continued until the disease is reduced to acceptable toxicity
    Dose Modifications
    In case of adverse reactions, the dose is modified or reduced
    The pattern of dose reduction goes like this
    First dose reduction: 500 mg daily (two tablets of 250 mg per day)
    Second dose reduction: 400 mg daily (two tablets of 200 mg per day)
    Third dose reduction: 300 mg daily (one tablet of 300 mg per day)
    Hepatic impairment
    In case of mild to moderate impairment (total bilirubin <3 x upper limit of normal or AST > upper limit of normal): No dosage modification is recommended
    In case of severe impairment (total bilirubin > 3 x upper normal limit and any AST), no studies performed
    Renal impairment
    In case of mild-to-moderate impairment (when CrCl is 30-89), no dose adjustment is required
    In case of severe impairment (when CrCl <30 mL/min) or patients are on dialysis, no studies are performed



    mitoxantrone 

    12-14 mg/m2 intravenous every 21 days for three weeks when combined with corticosteroids



    esterified estrogens 

    The drug is indicated for non-operable prostate cancer
    1.25-2.5 mg orally every 8 hours



    quercetin 

    500mg orally twice a day



    lutetium lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan 

    Indicated in the treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer in people who are treated with taxane chemotherapy and androgen receptor pathway inhibition
    7.4 GBq intravenously every 6 weeks up to 6 doses or until the disease is progressed



    lutetium lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan 

    Indicated in the treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer in people who are treated with taxane chemotherapy and androgen receptor pathway inhibition
    7.4 GBq intravenously every 6 weeks up to 6 doses or until the disease is progressed
    Dose Modifications If the treatment gets delayed for more than 4 weeks, discontinue the treatment
    Reduce the dose by 20% (up to 5.9GBq) once
    In the case of 2nd to 3rd-grade myelosuppression, reduce the dose by 20%
    For 3rd-grade myelosuppression, discontinue permanently
    In the case of renal and hepatic impairment, no dose adjustment is required



    apalutamide

    No safe dosing is established



    apalutamide

    Refer adult dosing



    esterified estrogens 

    1.25-2.5 mg orally every 8 hours



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