The organism Trypanosoma cruzi is the cause of the potentially fatal zoonotic disease known as American Trypanosomiasis, generally referred to as Chagas illness. The southern U.s, Trinidad, & South and Central America are where the disease is most frequently found. However, it is less frequent outside of rural regions where agrarian dwelling is a popular habitat for vectors.
The reduviid insect (kissing bugs, triatomine bugs), which acts as the intermediate host for the pathogen, is responsible for transmitting the vector-borne sickness through vertical spread between foetus and mother or through contact with infected reduviid insect urine or faeces.
Other means of spread include consuming contaminated foods and drinks, receiving blood transfusions, or having a contaminated organ transplanted. Gastrointestinal issues, cardiomegaly and perhaps peripheral neuropathy are among of the disease’s major side effects.
Epidemiology
From the south USA to north Argentina and Chile, Chaga’s disease is endemic throughout Latin USA. The movement of people away from the nations where the disease is endemic, however, is altering the disease’s distribution. Mammals, both wild and domestic serve as a frequent host for this pathogen.
Infectious reduviid insects, that can be detected in gaps indoors and on the roofs of subpar homes built of palm thatch, mud, or straw are the main means of transmission. Among the outdoors are animal’s habitats.
Blood donation (before to 2007), laboratory spread, vertical spread from mother to child, & transplantation of organs from infected persons are among alternative mechanisms of transmission. The most frequently impacted group is children, followed by women and then males.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
The infected trypomastigote is present in the blood circulation plasma when the parasite penetrates through an open cut or mucosal membrane. In nerve or muscle cell pseudocysts, the parasites’ amastigote phase is present. It prefers to multiply by multiple fission in the heart or myenteric junction of the gastrointestinal system.
The illness has three stages: acute, undetermined, & chronic. Acute illness can cause symptoms that start right away and linger for around two months. For years, chronic infections may
Etiology
Chagas condition is a vector-borne illness typically spread through exposure with reduviid bugs, usually referred to as kissing bugs and triatomines and their excrement or urine. The pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi, which is the cause of the disease, is carried by this bug. There are currently 11 unique group of triatomine bugs.
The Triatoma sanguisuga & gerstaeckeri species are the most prevalent in the south USA. Rhodnius prolixus & Triatoma dimidiata are the primary carriers in Mexico, South, and Central America. Reduviid insects eat their blood at night, although female insects need to eat blood to hatch their larvae.
They excrete & release parasites in the urine and fece near mucosal membranes, usually, the eyes or mouth, during or even following the feeding. The parasite subsequently enters through a puncture wound or the mucosal membrane. The most contagious trypomastigote forms are seen in high concentrations in the faeces of infectious reduviid insects.
Other communication modes consist of:
Congenital Chaga’s illness is caused by vertical spread from the mother to child.
Administered 400 mg/kg daily, divided into four times a day and given intravenously for a duration of 14 days and should be followed by taking 300 mg/kg daily, orally for three to four weeks.
2 years: Safety and efficacy not determined
2 to 12 years: 5 to 8 mg/kg daily orally divided in two doses with a 12-hour interval for a period of 60 days
Suggested dose as per weight
For <15 kg: 50 mg orally each 12 hours
For 15 kg to <20 kg: 62.5 mg orally each 12 hours
For 20 kg to <30 kg: 75 mg orally each 12 hours
For 30 kg to <40 kg: 100 mg orally each 12 hours
For 40 kg to <60 kg: 150 mg orally each 12 hours
For ≥60 kg: 100 mg orally each 12 hours Dosage Modifications
Not established in patients with hepatic or renal impairment Dosing Considerations
This signal has been granted accelerated on the quantity of treated individuals who tested negative for Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies
Future Trends
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References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459272/
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The organism Trypanosoma cruzi is the cause of the potentially fatal zoonotic disease known as American Trypanosomiasis, generally referred to as Chagas illness. The southern U.s, Trinidad, & South and Central America are where the disease is most frequently found. However, it is less frequent outside of rural regions where agrarian dwelling is a popular habitat for vectors.
The reduviid insect (kissing bugs, triatomine bugs), which acts as the intermediate host for the pathogen, is responsible for transmitting the vector-borne sickness through vertical spread between foetus and mother or through contact with infected reduviid insect urine or faeces.
Other means of spread include consuming contaminated foods and drinks, receiving blood transfusions, or having a contaminated organ transplanted. Gastrointestinal issues, cardiomegaly and perhaps peripheral neuropathy are among of the disease’s major side effects.
From the south USA to north Argentina and Chile, Chaga’s disease is endemic throughout Latin USA. The movement of people away from the nations where the disease is endemic, however, is altering the disease’s distribution. Mammals, both wild and domestic serve as a frequent host for this pathogen.
Infectious reduviid insects, that can be detected in gaps indoors and on the roofs of subpar homes built of palm thatch, mud, or straw are the main means of transmission. Among the outdoors are animal’s habitats.
Blood donation (before to 2007), laboratory spread, vertical spread from mother to child, & transplantation of organs from infected persons are among alternative mechanisms of transmission. The most frequently impacted group is children, followed by women and then males.
The infected trypomastigote is present in the blood circulation plasma when the parasite penetrates through an open cut or mucosal membrane. In nerve or muscle cell pseudocysts, the parasites’ amastigote phase is present. It prefers to multiply by multiple fission in the heart or myenteric junction of the gastrointestinal system.
The illness has three stages: acute, undetermined, & chronic. Acute illness can cause symptoms that start right away and linger for around two months. For years, chronic infections may
Chagas condition is a vector-borne illness typically spread through exposure with reduviid bugs, usually referred to as kissing bugs and triatomines and their excrement or urine. The pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi, which is the cause of the disease, is carried by this bug. There are currently 11 unique group of triatomine bugs.
The Triatoma sanguisuga & gerstaeckeri species are the most prevalent in the south USA. Rhodnius prolixus & Triatoma dimidiata are the primary carriers in Mexico, South, and Central America. Reduviid insects eat their blood at night, although female insects need to eat blood to hatch their larvae.
They excrete & release parasites in the urine and fece near mucosal membranes, usually, the eyes or mouth, during or even following the feeding. The parasite subsequently enters through a puncture wound or the mucosal membrane. The most contagious trypomastigote forms are seen in high concentrations in the faeces of infectious reduviid insects.
Other communication modes consist of:
Congenital Chaga’s illness is caused by vertical spread from the mother to child.
Administered 400 mg/kg daily, divided into four times a day and given intravenously for a duration of 14 days and should be followed by taking 300 mg/kg daily, orally for three to four weeks.
2 years: Safety and efficacy not determined
2 to 12 years: 5 to 8 mg/kg daily orally divided in two doses with a 12-hour interval for a period of 60 days
Suggested dose as per weight
For <15 kg: 50 mg orally each 12 hours
For 15 kg to <20 kg: 62.5 mg orally each 12 hours
For 20 kg to <30 kg: 75 mg orally each 12 hours
For 30 kg to <40 kg: 100 mg orally each 12 hours
For 40 kg to <60 kg: 150 mg orally each 12 hours
For ≥60 kg: 100 mg orally each 12 hours Dosage Modifications
Not established in patients with hepatic or renal impairment Dosing Considerations
This signal has been granted accelerated on the quantity of treated individuals who tested negative for Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459272/
medtigo
Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
Updated :
December 7, 2022
The organism Trypanosoma cruzi is the cause of the potentially fatal zoonotic disease known as American Trypanosomiasis, generally referred to as Chagas illness. The southern U.s, Trinidad, & South and Central America are where the disease is most frequently found. However, it is less frequent outside of rural regions where agrarian dwelling is a popular habitat for vectors.
The reduviid insect (kissing bugs, triatomine bugs), which acts as the intermediate host for the pathogen, is responsible for transmitting the vector-borne sickness through vertical spread between foetus and mother or through contact with infected reduviid insect urine or faeces.
Other means of spread include consuming contaminated foods and drinks, receiving blood transfusions, or having a contaminated organ transplanted. Gastrointestinal issues, cardiomegaly and perhaps peripheral neuropathy are among of the disease’s major side effects.
From the south USA to north Argentina and Chile, Chaga’s disease is endemic throughout Latin USA. The movement of people away from the nations where the disease is endemic, however, is altering the disease’s distribution. Mammals, both wild and domestic serve as a frequent host for this pathogen.
Infectious reduviid insects, that can be detected in gaps indoors and on the roofs of subpar homes built of palm thatch, mud, or straw are the main means of transmission. Among the outdoors are animal’s habitats.
Blood donation (before to 2007), laboratory spread, vertical spread from mother to child, & transplantation of organs from infected persons are among alternative mechanisms of transmission. The most frequently impacted group is children, followed by women and then males.
The infected trypomastigote is present in the blood circulation plasma when the parasite penetrates through an open cut or mucosal membrane. In nerve or muscle cell pseudocysts, the parasites’ amastigote phase is present. It prefers to multiply by multiple fission in the heart or myenteric junction of the gastrointestinal system.
The illness has three stages: acute, undetermined, & chronic. Acute illness can cause symptoms that start right away and linger for around two months. For years, chronic infections may
Chagas condition is a vector-borne illness typically spread through exposure with reduviid bugs, usually referred to as kissing bugs and triatomines and their excrement or urine. The pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi, which is the cause of the disease, is carried by this bug. There are currently 11 unique group of triatomine bugs.
The Triatoma sanguisuga & gerstaeckeri species are the most prevalent in the south USA. Rhodnius prolixus & Triatoma dimidiata are the primary carriers in Mexico, South, and Central America. Reduviid insects eat their blood at night, although female insects need to eat blood to hatch their larvae.
They excrete & release parasites in the urine and fece near mucosal membranes, usually, the eyes or mouth, during or even following the feeding. The parasite subsequently enters through a puncture wound or the mucosal membrane. The most contagious trypomastigote forms are seen in high concentrations in the faeces of infectious reduviid insects.
Other communication modes consist of:
Congenital Chaga’s illness is caused by vertical spread from the mother to child.
Transplantation of organ
Blood & blood-derived product transfusions
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459272/
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