The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the source of the acute secretory diarrheal disease cholera. Around the world, it is thought to be responsible for up to 4 million cases annually.
This digestive disorder is characterized by high-volume fluid loss and electrolyte disturbances that can advance to hypovolemic shock and finally death.
The infection can range in severity and is spread by the fecal-oral route. The important thing is to replenish the electrolytes and fluids lost as soon as you can.
Epidemiology
Around 4 million epidemics are reported annually, and the illness is responsible for approximately 140,000 fatalities. Approximately 1.8 million individuals get their water sources from places that may harbour cholera bacteria because they are tainted with human feces. In the impoverished world, where requirements for water filtration and sanitation may not exist, outbreaks are known to happen.
Cholera is currently thought to be prevalent in about 50 countries, predominantly in Africa and Asia. Depending on when the area’s monsoon season begins, the incidence is linked to rainfall patterns.
However, epidemics in other parts of the world, such as Central and South America, could be more extensive. Epidemics have been known to spread when a species is introduced to a new area during which health care services and cleanliness have collapsed.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
The small intestine may get colonized after ingesting V. cholerae. The creature can reach the intestinal wall by swimming through mucous thanks to its flagella. Toxic V. cholerae makes toxin-coregulated plasmid there, which adheres to ganglioside sensors in the mucous layer. The Gs subunit of the G complexes inside the intestinal epithelium is ADP-ribosylated by the cholera toxin, which is generated.
Adenylate cyclase begins to function normally as a result, which raises intracellular levels of cAMP. Consequently, there is a rise in the production of chloride, bicarbonate, salt, and potassium. The production of these electrolytes draws water out of the enterocytes osmotically, ultimately causing diarrhea.
Prior exposure to the pathogen has an impact on host vulnerability and can lead to immunity, albeit this depends on the serotype and biotype of the earlier organism contacted. It takes a significant inoculation dosage to infect an adult who is healthy because it is a labile acid bacterium. This explains why decreased gastric acid secretion (as shown in achlorhydria instances) can reduce the infection threshold required by the bacteria.
It’s interesting to note that blood group O has been linked to a higher risk of infection. It is yet unclear what is causing this heightened susceptibility to illness. Antihistamines and proton pump inhibitors can make a patient more susceptible to infection and increase their symptoms quite severely.
The colon is resistant to the toxic substance, whereas the fluid losses often come out from the duodenum. Most of the time, no neutrophils are seen in fecal collections because the enterotoxin has a limited effect and will not be invasive.
Etiology
The gram-negative, comma-shaped, facultative rod known as Vibrio cholera is common in underdeveloped nations. There are two serotypes that are linked to outbreaks. O1 is the cause of all current epidemics, while O139 only occasionally produces outbreaks, mostly in Asia. The two diseases share the same etiology.
Food (often shellfish) and water that hasn’t been properly cleaned both contain Vibrio cholera. The bacteria are prevalent in locations with poor food and water hygiene because it is known to spread through the fecal-oral route. The bacterium is obtained through the fecal-oral passage and a significant dose is necessary to induce infectivity.
Factors that can increase vulnerability include:
Usage of proton-pump blockers (PPIs) with antihistamines
a type 0 blood type
Inadequate hygiene
Overpopulation
Vagotomy before
Infection with Helicobacter pylori
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Death rates above 50% have been reported in cases of dehydration. Children, expectant mothers, and adults all have increased death rates. Because of improved access to medical care, cleaner environments, and increased education, death rates have generally dropped.
This vaccine is recommended for active immunization against the disease caused by species, Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 in individuals of age (2-64 years), who are travellers to active cholera transmission areas
Note:
It is recommended for adults of age (18-64 years), who are travellers from American states to active cholera transmission areas
This vaccine is recommended for active immunization against the disease caused by species, Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 in individuals of age (2-64 years), who are travellers to active cholera transmission areas
Age >6 years:
100
ml
Suspension
Orally
as a single dose,
10
days
before the potential exposure to cholera
Age 2-6 years: 50 ml orally as a single dose, atleast 10 days before the potential exposure to cholera
Age <2 years: safety and efficacy not established
Future Trends
Media Gallary
References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470232/
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The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the source of the acute secretory diarrheal disease cholera. Around the world, it is thought to be responsible for up to 4 million cases annually.
This digestive disorder is characterized by high-volume fluid loss and electrolyte disturbances that can advance to hypovolemic shock and finally death.
The infection can range in severity and is spread by the fecal-oral route. The important thing is to replenish the electrolytes and fluids lost as soon as you can.
Around 4 million epidemics are reported annually, and the illness is responsible for approximately 140,000 fatalities. Approximately 1.8 million individuals get their water sources from places that may harbour cholera bacteria because they are tainted with human feces. In the impoverished world, where requirements for water filtration and sanitation may not exist, outbreaks are known to happen.
Cholera is currently thought to be prevalent in about 50 countries, predominantly in Africa and Asia. Depending on when the area’s monsoon season begins, the incidence is linked to rainfall patterns.
However, epidemics in other parts of the world, such as Central and South America, could be more extensive. Epidemics have been known to spread when a species is introduced to a new area during which health care services and cleanliness have collapsed.
The small intestine may get colonized after ingesting V. cholerae. The creature can reach the intestinal wall by swimming through mucous thanks to its flagella. Toxic V. cholerae makes toxin-coregulated plasmid there, which adheres to ganglioside sensors in the mucous layer. The Gs subunit of the G complexes inside the intestinal epithelium is ADP-ribosylated by the cholera toxin, which is generated.
Adenylate cyclase begins to function normally as a result, which raises intracellular levels of cAMP. Consequently, there is a rise in the production of chloride, bicarbonate, salt, and potassium. The production of these electrolytes draws water out of the enterocytes osmotically, ultimately causing diarrhea.
Prior exposure to the pathogen has an impact on host vulnerability and can lead to immunity, albeit this depends on the serotype and biotype of the earlier organism contacted. It takes a significant inoculation dosage to infect an adult who is healthy because it is a labile acid bacterium. This explains why decreased gastric acid secretion (as shown in achlorhydria instances) can reduce the infection threshold required by the bacteria.
It’s interesting to note that blood group O has been linked to a higher risk of infection. It is yet unclear what is causing this heightened susceptibility to illness. Antihistamines and proton pump inhibitors can make a patient more susceptible to infection and increase their symptoms quite severely.
The colon is resistant to the toxic substance, whereas the fluid losses often come out from the duodenum. Most of the time, no neutrophils are seen in fecal collections because the enterotoxin has a limited effect and will not be invasive.
The gram-negative, comma-shaped, facultative rod known as Vibrio cholera is common in underdeveloped nations. There are two serotypes that are linked to outbreaks. O1 is the cause of all current epidemics, while O139 only occasionally produces outbreaks, mostly in Asia. The two diseases share the same etiology.
Food (often shellfish) and water that hasn’t been properly cleaned both contain Vibrio cholera. The bacteria are prevalent in locations with poor food and water hygiene because it is known to spread through the fecal-oral route. The bacterium is obtained through the fecal-oral passage and a significant dose is necessary to induce infectivity.
Factors that can increase vulnerability include:
Usage of proton-pump blockers (PPIs) with antihistamines
a type 0 blood type
Inadequate hygiene
Overpopulation
Vagotomy before
Infection with Helicobacter pylori
Death rates above 50% have been reported in cases of dehydration. Children, expectant mothers, and adults all have increased death rates. Because of improved access to medical care, cleaner environments, and increased education, death rates have generally dropped.
This vaccine is recommended for active immunization against the disease caused by species, Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 in individuals of age (2-64 years), who are travellers to active cholera transmission areas
Note:
It is recommended for adults of age (18-64 years), who are travellers from American states to active cholera transmission areas
This vaccine is recommended for active immunization against the disease caused by species, Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 in individuals of age (2-64 years), who are travellers to active cholera transmission areas
Age >6 years:
100
ml
Suspension
Orally
as a single dose,
10
days
before the potential exposure to cholera
Age 2-6 years: 50 ml orally as a single dose, atleast 10 days before the potential exposure to cholera
Age <2 years: safety and efficacy not established
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470232/
medtigo
Cholera
Updated :
August 30, 2023
The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the source of the acute secretory diarrheal disease cholera. Around the world, it is thought to be responsible for up to 4 million cases annually.
This digestive disorder is characterized by high-volume fluid loss and electrolyte disturbances that can advance to hypovolemic shock and finally death.
The infection can range in severity and is spread by the fecal-oral route. The important thing is to replenish the electrolytes and fluids lost as soon as you can.
Around 4 million epidemics are reported annually, and the illness is responsible for approximately 140,000 fatalities. Approximately 1.8 million individuals get their water sources from places that may harbour cholera bacteria because they are tainted with human feces. In the impoverished world, where requirements for water filtration and sanitation may not exist, outbreaks are known to happen.
Cholera is currently thought to be prevalent in about 50 countries, predominantly in Africa and Asia. Depending on when the area’s monsoon season begins, the incidence is linked to rainfall patterns.
However, epidemics in other parts of the world, such as Central and South America, could be more extensive. Epidemics have been known to spread when a species is introduced to a new area during which health care services and cleanliness have collapsed.
The small intestine may get colonized after ingesting V. cholerae. The creature can reach the intestinal wall by swimming through mucous thanks to its flagella. Toxic V. cholerae makes toxin-coregulated plasmid there, which adheres to ganglioside sensors in the mucous layer. The Gs subunit of the G complexes inside the intestinal epithelium is ADP-ribosylated by the cholera toxin, which is generated.
Adenylate cyclase begins to function normally as a result, which raises intracellular levels of cAMP. Consequently, there is a rise in the production of chloride, bicarbonate, salt, and potassium. The production of these electrolytes draws water out of the enterocytes osmotically, ultimately causing diarrhea.
Prior exposure to the pathogen has an impact on host vulnerability and can lead to immunity, albeit this depends on the serotype and biotype of the earlier organism contacted. It takes a significant inoculation dosage to infect an adult who is healthy because it is a labile acid bacterium. This explains why decreased gastric acid secretion (as shown in achlorhydria instances) can reduce the infection threshold required by the bacteria.
It’s interesting to note that blood group O has been linked to a higher risk of infection. It is yet unclear what is causing this heightened susceptibility to illness. Antihistamines and proton pump inhibitors can make a patient more susceptible to infection and increase their symptoms quite severely.
The colon is resistant to the toxic substance, whereas the fluid losses often come out from the duodenum. Most of the time, no neutrophils are seen in fecal collections because the enterotoxin has a limited effect and will not be invasive.
The gram-negative, comma-shaped, facultative rod known as Vibrio cholera is common in underdeveloped nations. There are two serotypes that are linked to outbreaks. O1 is the cause of all current epidemics, while O139 only occasionally produces outbreaks, mostly in Asia. The two diseases share the same etiology.
Food (often shellfish) and water that hasn’t been properly cleaned both contain Vibrio cholera. The bacteria are prevalent in locations with poor food and water hygiene because it is known to spread through the fecal-oral route. The bacterium is obtained through the fecal-oral passage and a significant dose is necessary to induce infectivity.
Factors that can increase vulnerability include:
Usage of proton-pump blockers (PPIs) with antihistamines
a type 0 blood type
Inadequate hygiene
Overpopulation
Vagotomy before
Infection with Helicobacter pylori
Death rates above 50% have been reported in cases of dehydration. Children, expectant mothers, and adults all have increased death rates. Because of improved access to medical care, cleaner environments, and increased education, death rates have generally dropped.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470232/
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