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Colorectal Carcinoma

Updated : April 26, 2022





Background

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Pathophysiology

Etiology

Genetics

Prognostic Factors

Clinical History

Physical Examination

Age group

Associated comorbidity

Associated activity

Acuity of presentation

Differential Diagnoses

Laboratory Studies

Imaging Studies

Procedures

Histologic Findings

Staging

Treatment Paradigm

by Stage

by Modality

Chemotherapy

Radiation Therapy

Surgical Interventions

Hormone Therapy

Immunotherapy

Hyperthermia

Photodynamic Therapy

Stem Cell Transplant

Targeted Therapy

Palliative Care

Medication

 

cetuximab

Weekly Dose:
Initial Dose:

400

mg/m^2

Intravenous (IV)

over 2hrs, and Maintenance Dose:250 mg per m2 given IV over 1hr once a week
BIWEEKLY: 500 mg per m2 IV over 2hrs every two weeks
In Combination with Encorafenib:
400 mg per m2 IV is taken as the initial dose over 2hrs, and the Maintenance Dose is 250 mg per m2 IV over 1hr once a week until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity seen
comments:
Cetuximab with or without Irinotecan or FOLFIRI (irinotecan, fluorouracil, leucovorin), and this should be taken weekly or biweekly
Hence continue the treatment until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity observed



ramucirumab (Rx)

8

mg/kg

Solution

Intravenous (IV)

every 2 weeks

1

hr

Continue the therapy until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs    If the 1st infusion is tolerable, then go with subsequent infusions given over 30 minutes



panitumumab

6

mg/kg

Solution

Intravenous (IV)

every 2 weeks



ipilimumab

ipilimumab 1 mg per kg given IV over 30 minutes every 3 weeks with nivolumab 3 mg per kg given IV over 30 minutes on the same day for 4 doses
After completing four doses of combination, nivolumab is given as a single agent
Continue the therapy until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs



floxuridine

0.25

mg/kg

once a day

Intra-arterial continuous infusion for 14 days for a cycle of 5 weeks, continue for 6 cycles with dexamethasone and heparin
Start floxuridine therapy 2 weeks after 6 cycles of fluorouracil and leucovorin



Dose Adjustments

Reduce the dose by 20% of the usual dose for the following conditions:
o Serum bilirubin 1.2 x ULN or alkaline phosphatase 1.2 x ULN
o Baseline AST is 3 to <4 times the baseline value
Reduce the dose by 50% of the usual dose for the following conditions:
o Serum bilirubin 1.5 x ULN or alkaline phosphatase 1.5 x ULN
o AST is 4 to <5 times the baseline value
Discontinue the dose if any of the following adverse reactions appear:
o White blood count < 3,500/mm3
o Platelet count <1,00,000/mm3
o Vomiting, diarrhea or gastrointestinal bleeding/ulceration

aspirin

Age: >50 years
75-100 mg orally daily



fluorouracil 

400 mg/m² of intravenous pyelogram on 1st day,
then 2400-3000 mg/m² intravenously as a continuous infusion for 46 hours every 2 weeks combined with leucovorin and/or oxaliplatin/irinotecan



regorafenib 

regorafenib is indicated to treat metastatic colorectal cancer in patients who have undergone fluoropyrimidine- / oxaliplatin- / irinotecan-based chemotherapy
A dose of 40 mg is administered four times daily for the initial 21 days of every 28-day cycle
The medication is continued until the disease is reduced to acceptable toxicity



ziv-aflibercept 

Indicated for metastatic colorectal cancer that is resistant to or has advanced after receiving oxaliplatin, it is recommended in conjunction with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI):


4mg/kg intravenous every two weeks
On the day of therapy, give before any FOLFIRI regimen component



oxaliplatin 

Advanced stage of colorectal carcinoma:



Day 1: 85 mg/m² Oxaliplatin Intravenous (IV) + 200 mg/m² leucovorin Intravenous (IV) infused over 2 hours
Following 5-FU 400 mg/m² Intravenous (IV) bolus over 2-4 minutes
Next 5-FU 600 mg/m² Intravenous (IV) infusion over 22 hours

Day 2: WITHOUT oxaliplatin following Same regimen
continue for every 2 weeks

Adjuvant stage III colon cancer:

Course is 12 cycles
continue every 2 weeks,with the above scheduled dose for 6 months
Tumour excision is followed by adjuvant therapy



irinotecan 


Indicated for Colorectal Cancer
It is used as 1st line treatment (leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil) for CRC (metastatic colorectal cancer) and also used for progressed or recurred CRC after fluorouracil-based treatment
Monotherapy
Pre-treatment should be given to patients with antiemetic drugs
For patients who experience cholinergic symptoms, atropine is given
Schedule-1 (every week): 125 mg/m² Intravenously infused over 1 hour 30 min on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and after that, two weeks off, and then repeat it
Schedule-2 (one time every three weeks): 350 mg/m² Intravenously infused over 30-90 min every 3 weeks
As per protocol, adjust the dose
Combination therapy
Pre-treatment should be given to patients with antiemetic drugs
For patients who experience cholinergic symptoms, atropine is given
Schedule-1 (Six weeks cycle) infusion with the leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil: 180 mg/m² Intravenously infused over 30-90 min one time on days 1,15,29 after that, infused with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin; on day-43 next cycle starts
Schedule-2 (Six weeks cycle) bolus with the leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil: 125 mg/m² on days 1,8,15,22 (infused over 90 minutes); after that, bolus dose with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin
As per protocol, adjust the dose



tegafur 

Indicated for Advanced colorectal cancer
Three daily divided doses of 300 mg/m2 tegafur in combination with 672 mg/m2 uracil orally with calcium folinate
These doses are administered over a 28-day cycle, followed by a seven-day treatment-free interval



 

panitumumab

Safety and efficacy not studied 



ipilimumab

Age:>12yrs
ipilimumab 1 mg per kg given IV over 30 minutes every 3 weeks with nivolumab 3 mg per kg given IV over 30 minutes on the same day for 4 doses
After completing four doses of combination, nivolumab is given as a single agent.
Continue the therapy until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs.



nivolumab

Safety and efficacy not established in pediatrics



 

panitumumab

Refer adult dosing



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References

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Colorectal Carcinoma

Updated : April 26, 2022




cetuximab

Weekly Dose:
Initial Dose:

400

mg/m^2

Intravenous (IV)

over 2hrs, and Maintenance Dose:250 mg per m2 given IV over 1hr once a week
BIWEEKLY: 500 mg per m2 IV over 2hrs every two weeks
In Combination with Encorafenib:
400 mg per m2 IV is taken as the initial dose over 2hrs, and the Maintenance Dose is 250 mg per m2 IV over 1hr once a week until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity seen
comments:
Cetuximab with or without Irinotecan or FOLFIRI (irinotecan, fluorouracil, leucovorin), and this should be taken weekly or biweekly
Hence continue the treatment until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity observed



ramucirumab (Rx)

8

mg/kg

Solution

Intravenous (IV)

every 2 weeks

1

hr

Continue the therapy until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs    If the 1st infusion is tolerable, then go with subsequent infusions given over 30 minutes



panitumumab

6

mg/kg

Solution

Intravenous (IV)

every 2 weeks



ipilimumab

ipilimumab 1 mg per kg given IV over 30 minutes every 3 weeks with nivolumab 3 mg per kg given IV over 30 minutes on the same day for 4 doses
After completing four doses of combination, nivolumab is given as a single agent
Continue the therapy until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs



floxuridine

0.25

mg/kg

once a day

Intra-arterial continuous infusion for 14 days for a cycle of 5 weeks, continue for 6 cycles with dexamethasone and heparin
Start floxuridine therapy 2 weeks after 6 cycles of fluorouracil and leucovorin



Dose Adjustments

Reduce the dose by 20% of the usual dose for the following conditions:
o Serum bilirubin 1.2 x ULN or alkaline phosphatase 1.2 x ULN
o Baseline AST is 3 to <4 times the baseline value
Reduce the dose by 50% of the usual dose for the following conditions:
o Serum bilirubin 1.5 x ULN or alkaline phosphatase 1.5 x ULN
o AST is 4 to <5 times the baseline value
Discontinue the dose if any of the following adverse reactions appear:
o White blood count < 3,500/mm3
o Platelet count <1,00,000/mm3
o Vomiting, diarrhea or gastrointestinal bleeding/ulceration

aspirin

Age: >50 years
75-100 mg orally daily



fluorouracil 

400 mg/m² of intravenous pyelogram on 1st day,
then 2400-3000 mg/m² intravenously as a continuous infusion for 46 hours every 2 weeks combined with leucovorin and/or oxaliplatin/irinotecan



regorafenib 

regorafenib is indicated to treat metastatic colorectal cancer in patients who have undergone fluoropyrimidine- / oxaliplatin- / irinotecan-based chemotherapy
A dose of 40 mg is administered four times daily for the initial 21 days of every 28-day cycle
The medication is continued until the disease is reduced to acceptable toxicity



ziv-aflibercept 

Indicated for metastatic colorectal cancer that is resistant to or has advanced after receiving oxaliplatin, it is recommended in conjunction with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI):


4mg/kg intravenous every two weeks
On the day of therapy, give before any FOLFIRI regimen component



oxaliplatin 

Advanced stage of colorectal carcinoma:



Day 1: 85 mg/m² Oxaliplatin Intravenous (IV) + 200 mg/m² leucovorin Intravenous (IV) infused over 2 hours
Following 5-FU 400 mg/m² Intravenous (IV) bolus over 2-4 minutes
Next 5-FU 600 mg/m² Intravenous (IV) infusion over 22 hours

Day 2: WITHOUT oxaliplatin following Same regimen
continue for every 2 weeks

Adjuvant stage III colon cancer:

Course is 12 cycles
continue every 2 weeks,with the above scheduled dose for 6 months
Tumour excision is followed by adjuvant therapy



irinotecan 


Indicated for Colorectal Cancer
It is used as 1st line treatment (leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil) for CRC (metastatic colorectal cancer) and also used for progressed or recurred CRC after fluorouracil-based treatment
Monotherapy
Pre-treatment should be given to patients with antiemetic drugs
For patients who experience cholinergic symptoms, atropine is given
Schedule-1 (every week): 125 mg/m² Intravenously infused over 1 hour 30 min on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and after that, two weeks off, and then repeat it
Schedule-2 (one time every three weeks): 350 mg/m² Intravenously infused over 30-90 min every 3 weeks
As per protocol, adjust the dose
Combination therapy
Pre-treatment should be given to patients with antiemetic drugs
For patients who experience cholinergic symptoms, atropine is given
Schedule-1 (Six weeks cycle) infusion with the leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil: 180 mg/m² Intravenously infused over 30-90 min one time on days 1,15,29 after that, infused with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin; on day-43 next cycle starts
Schedule-2 (Six weeks cycle) bolus with the leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil: 125 mg/m² on days 1,8,15,22 (infused over 90 minutes); after that, bolus dose with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin
As per protocol, adjust the dose



tegafur 

Indicated for Advanced colorectal cancer
Three daily divided doses of 300 mg/m2 tegafur in combination with 672 mg/m2 uracil orally with calcium folinate
These doses are administered over a 28-day cycle, followed by a seven-day treatment-free interval



panitumumab

Safety and efficacy not studied 



ipilimumab

Age:>12yrs
ipilimumab 1 mg per kg given IV over 30 minutes every 3 weeks with nivolumab 3 mg per kg given IV over 30 minutes on the same day for 4 doses
After completing four doses of combination, nivolumab is given as a single agent.
Continue the therapy until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs.



nivolumab

Safety and efficacy not established in pediatrics



panitumumab

Refer adult dosing



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