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» Home » CAD » Infectious Disease » Bacterial Infections » Conjunctivitis
Background
Conjunctivitis is referred to as the infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva. It is the most prevalent cause of red eye. It can affect individuals of all ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, and demographics.
It can be acute, chronic, viral, or bacterial. Acute conjunctivitis is defined as symptoms lasting 3-4 weeks from onset, with most cases lasting only 1-2 weeks, and chronic conjunctivitis is characterized as symptoms lasting longer than four weeks.
Although it’s usually self-limiting and rarely results in vision loss, it is critical to rule out other sight-threatening causes of red-eye when testing for conjunctivitis.
Epidemiology
The prevalence rate is highest in children under the age of 7, with the peak frequency occurring between 0 to 4 years. The subsequent transmission occurs in women 22 years old and men 28 years old. Overall, women have slightly greater incidence of conjunctivitis than males.
Seasonality also influences the onset and consequently the diagnoses of conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most prevalent cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15-40% of the population and increasing in the spring and summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is most observed from December to April.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Inflammation of the conjunctiva causes conjunctivitis. Infectious or non-infectious irritants causes irritation.
Conjunctival vessels are dilated or injected which causes hyperemia, edema, and the typical redness of the conjunctiva.
The entire conjunctiva is affected, and discharge is common. Depending on the cause, the nature of discharge differs.
Etiology
Children experience bacterial conjunctivitis more frequently than adults, and the bacteria that induces the condition varies depending on age. The most frequent causes of the disease in adults are Staphylococcal species, particularly Staph. aureus, followed by Strep. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.
Still, the most frequent cause in children are S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis N. gonorrhoeae, Corynebacterium diphtheria and Chlamydia trachomatis, are some other bacterial contributors. The most frequent cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in newborns is N. gonorrhoeae.
Bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses are the potential causes of infectious conjunctivitis. However, viruses most frequently Adenovirus cause 80% of acute incidences of conjunctivitis. Between 65 and 90 percent of instances of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Conjunctivitis is typically innocuous and self-limiting, and treatable. The duration of the condition varies with the type of pathogen.
The intensity of viral conjunctivitis often worsens until 5 days, and usually goes away after 2-3 weeks.
Bacterial conjunctivitis typically lasts 7 to 10 days, however it can be reduced if antibiotics are used during the first 6 days after the onset.
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
2
drops
4 times a day
1 g IM is given as a single dose according to US CDC Recommendations
1-2 drops into each affected eye 4 to 6 times a day
1-2 drops into each affected eye 4 to 6 times a day
1-2 drops into each affected eye 4 to 6 times a day
1-2 drops into each affected eye 4 to 6 times a day
Indicated for Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
Days 1 and 2: 1 to 2 drops into the affected eye every 2-4 hours, then
Days 3-7: 1 to 2 drops four times daily
Indicated for Conjunctival Congestion:
Administer 1-2 drops into each affected eye every 6 to 12 hours. Do not exceed 72hours of usage
Administer the medication at intervals of q4-12hr, depending on the severity of the infection, with a dosage of ½ inch (1.25 cm)
For the solution-Administer 1-3 drops every 2-3 hours, gradually reduce frequency as the condition improves
For the ointment-Apply a 1/2-inch strip every 3-4 hours and at bedtime, gradually reduce frequency as the condition improves
Indicated for Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Administer 1 drop in the affected eye(s) three times per day, with intervals of 4-12 hours between doses, for a duration of 7 days
prednisolone/sulfacetamide ophthalmic
For ointment: Administer a 0.5-inch strip of ointment to the lacrimal sac of the impacted eye every 6 to 8 hours and at bedtime
For suspension: Administer 2 drops every 4 hours to the impacted eye during the day and at bedtime
1 to 2 drops of 1% solution 2-4 times a day (can be more frequent over the initial 24-48 hours)
Put 1 to 2 drops into the affected eye every two hours on day 1 and day 2 and while awake, use up to 8 times daily
Put 1 to 2 drops every four hours and not more than four times daily on day 3 to day 7
Put 1 drop into the affected eyes every 12 hours for seven days
Administer 1 to 2 drops into affected eye(s) four times a day
>4 years: 1-2 drops into each affected eye 4 to 6 times a day
<4 years: Safety and efficacy not established
Indicated for Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
<1 year: Not recommended
Days 1 and 2: 1 to 2 drops into the affected eye every 2-4 hours, then
Days 3-7: 1 to 2 drops four times daily
To treat the infection, apply the medication at a dosage of 1/2 inch (1.25 cm) every 4 to 12 hours, depending on the severity of the condition.
Children above 2 months of age-
Use the solution-administer 1-3 drops every 2-3 hours, gradually reduce frequency as the condition improves
Apply the ointment- use a 1/2-inch strip every 3-4 hours and at bedtime; gradually reduce frequency as the condition improves
indicated for Bacterial Conjunctivitis
> 1 year of Age
Administer 1 drop in the affected eye(s) three times a day, with a time interval of 4-12 hours, for a duration of 7 days
prednisolone/sulfacetamide ophthalmic
Safety and efficacy not established in less than six years old
≥6 years:
For ointment: Administer a 0.5-inch strip of ointment to the lacrimal sac of the impacted eye every 6 to 8 hours and at bedtime
For suspension: Administer 2 drops every 4 hours to the impacted eye during the day and at bedtime
1 to 2 drops of 1% solution 2-4 times a day (can be more frequent over the initial 24-48 hours)
<1 year: Safety and efficacy not determined
1 year or older:
Put 1 to 2 drops in affected eye every two hours on day 1 and day 2 and while awake use up to 8 times daily
Put 1 to 2 drops every four hours and not more than four times daily on day 3 to day 7
<4 months: Safety and efficacy not determined
>4 months:
Put 1 drop into the affected eye every 12 hours
Future Trends
References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/
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» Home » CAD » Infectious Disease » Bacterial Infections » Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is referred to as the infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva. It is the most prevalent cause of red eye. It can affect individuals of all ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, and demographics.
It can be acute, chronic, viral, or bacterial. Acute conjunctivitis is defined as symptoms lasting 3-4 weeks from onset, with most cases lasting only 1-2 weeks, and chronic conjunctivitis is characterized as symptoms lasting longer than four weeks.
Although it’s usually self-limiting and rarely results in vision loss, it is critical to rule out other sight-threatening causes of red-eye when testing for conjunctivitis.
The prevalence rate is highest in children under the age of 7, with the peak frequency occurring between 0 to 4 years. The subsequent transmission occurs in women 22 years old and men 28 years old. Overall, women have slightly greater incidence of conjunctivitis than males.
Seasonality also influences the onset and consequently the diagnoses of conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most prevalent cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15-40% of the population and increasing in the spring and summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is most observed from December to April.
Inflammation of the conjunctiva causes conjunctivitis. Infectious or non-infectious irritants causes irritation.
Conjunctival vessels are dilated or injected which causes hyperemia, edema, and the typical redness of the conjunctiva.
The entire conjunctiva is affected, and discharge is common. Depending on the cause, the nature of discharge differs.
Children experience bacterial conjunctivitis more frequently than adults, and the bacteria that induces the condition varies depending on age. The most frequent causes of the disease in adults are Staphylococcal species, particularly Staph. aureus, followed by Strep. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.
Still, the most frequent cause in children are S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis N. gonorrhoeae, Corynebacterium diphtheria and Chlamydia trachomatis, are some other bacterial contributors. The most frequent cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in newborns is N. gonorrhoeae.
Bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses are the potential causes of infectious conjunctivitis. However, viruses most frequently Adenovirus cause 80% of acute incidences of conjunctivitis. Between 65 and 90 percent of instances of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses
Conjunctivitis is typically innocuous and self-limiting, and treatable. The duration of the condition varies with the type of pathogen.
The intensity of viral conjunctivitis often worsens until 5 days, and usually goes away after 2-3 weeks.
Bacterial conjunctivitis typically lasts 7 to 10 days, however it can be reduced if antibiotics are used during the first 6 days after the onset.
2
drops
4 times a day
1 g IM is given as a single dose according to US CDC Recommendations
1-2 drops into each affected eye 4 to 6 times a day
1-2 drops into each affected eye 4 to 6 times a day
1-2 drops into each affected eye 4 to 6 times a day
1-2 drops into each affected eye 4 to 6 times a day
Indicated for Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
Days 1 and 2: 1 to 2 drops into the affected eye every 2-4 hours, then
Days 3-7: 1 to 2 drops four times daily
Indicated for Conjunctival Congestion:
Administer 1-2 drops into each affected eye every 6 to 12 hours. Do not exceed 72hours of usage
Administer the medication at intervals of q4-12hr, depending on the severity of the infection, with a dosage of ½ inch (1.25 cm)
For the solution-Administer 1-3 drops every 2-3 hours, gradually reduce frequency as the condition improves
For the ointment-Apply a 1/2-inch strip every 3-4 hours and at bedtime, gradually reduce frequency as the condition improves
Indicated for Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Administer 1 drop in the affected eye(s) three times per day, with intervals of 4-12 hours between doses, for a duration of 7 days
prednisolone/sulfacetamide ophthalmic
For ointment: Administer a 0.5-inch strip of ointment to the lacrimal sac of the impacted eye every 6 to 8 hours and at bedtime
For suspension: Administer 2 drops every 4 hours to the impacted eye during the day and at bedtime
1 to 2 drops of 1% solution 2-4 times a day (can be more frequent over the initial 24-48 hours)
Put 1 to 2 drops into the affected eye every two hours on day 1 and day 2 and while awake, use up to 8 times daily
Put 1 to 2 drops every four hours and not more than four times daily on day 3 to day 7
Put 1 drop into the affected eyes every 12 hours for seven days
Administer 1 to 2 drops into affected eye(s) four times a day
>4 years: 1-2 drops into each affected eye 4 to 6 times a day
<4 years: Safety and efficacy not established
Indicated for Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
<1 year: Not recommended
Days 1 and 2: 1 to 2 drops into the affected eye every 2-4 hours, then
Days 3-7: 1 to 2 drops four times daily
To treat the infection, apply the medication at a dosage of 1/2 inch (1.25 cm) every 4 to 12 hours, depending on the severity of the condition.
Children above 2 months of age-
Use the solution-administer 1-3 drops every 2-3 hours, gradually reduce frequency as the condition improves
Apply the ointment- use a 1/2-inch strip every 3-4 hours and at bedtime; gradually reduce frequency as the condition improves
indicated for Bacterial Conjunctivitis
> 1 year of Age
Administer 1 drop in the affected eye(s) three times a day, with a time interval of 4-12 hours, for a duration of 7 days
prednisolone/sulfacetamide ophthalmic
Safety and efficacy not established in less than six years old
≥6 years:
For ointment: Administer a 0.5-inch strip of ointment to the lacrimal sac of the impacted eye every 6 to 8 hours and at bedtime
For suspension: Administer 2 drops every 4 hours to the impacted eye during the day and at bedtime
1 to 2 drops of 1% solution 2-4 times a day (can be more frequent over the initial 24-48 hours)
<1 year: Safety and efficacy not determined
1 year or older:
Put 1 to 2 drops in affected eye every two hours on day 1 and day 2 and while awake use up to 8 times daily
Put 1 to 2 drops every four hours and not more than four times daily on day 3 to day 7
<4 months: Safety and efficacy not determined
>4 months:
Put 1 drop into the affected eye every 12 hours
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/
Conjunctivitis is referred to as the infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva. It is the most prevalent cause of red eye. It can affect individuals of all ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, and demographics.
It can be acute, chronic, viral, or bacterial. Acute conjunctivitis is defined as symptoms lasting 3-4 weeks from onset, with most cases lasting only 1-2 weeks, and chronic conjunctivitis is characterized as symptoms lasting longer than four weeks.
Although it’s usually self-limiting and rarely results in vision loss, it is critical to rule out other sight-threatening causes of red-eye when testing for conjunctivitis.
The prevalence rate is highest in children under the age of 7, with the peak frequency occurring between 0 to 4 years. The subsequent transmission occurs in women 22 years old and men 28 years old. Overall, women have slightly greater incidence of conjunctivitis than males.
Seasonality also influences the onset and consequently the diagnoses of conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most prevalent cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15-40% of the population and increasing in the spring and summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is most observed from December to April.
Inflammation of the conjunctiva causes conjunctivitis. Infectious or non-infectious irritants causes irritation.
Conjunctival vessels are dilated or injected which causes hyperemia, edema, and the typical redness of the conjunctiva.
The entire conjunctiva is affected, and discharge is common. Depending on the cause, the nature of discharge differs.
Children experience bacterial conjunctivitis more frequently than adults, and the bacteria that induces the condition varies depending on age. The most frequent causes of the disease in adults are Staphylococcal species, particularly Staph. aureus, followed by Strep. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.
Still, the most frequent cause in children are S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis N. gonorrhoeae, Corynebacterium diphtheria and Chlamydia trachomatis, are some other bacterial contributors. The most frequent cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in newborns is N. gonorrhoeae.
Bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses are the potential causes of infectious conjunctivitis. However, viruses most frequently Adenovirus cause 80% of acute incidences of conjunctivitis. Between 65 and 90 percent of instances of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses
Conjunctivitis is typically innocuous and self-limiting, and treatable. The duration of the condition varies with the type of pathogen.
The intensity of viral conjunctivitis often worsens until 5 days, and usually goes away after 2-3 weeks.
Bacterial conjunctivitis typically lasts 7 to 10 days, however it can be reduced if antibiotics are used during the first 6 days after the onset.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/
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