Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes Gonnorhea, a sexually transmitted infection that causes significant global morbidity in developed and developing nations. Like other STIs, gonorrhea disproportionately affects young adult populations.
Epidemiology
N. gonorrhoeae is the world’s second most prevalent source of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. The WHO estimated 106 million cases recorded among adults globally each year, with many more infections going undetected. With almost 5,00,000 instances reported each year in the United States alone.
Gonorrhea infection has a significant male predominance due to the higher possibility that males may experience urogenital symptoms and an increase in diagnoses among gay men. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has increased the prevalence of gonorrheal STIs during the previous decade.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
The infection of N. gonorrhoeae begins with gonococcal adherence to epithelial cells, accompanied by the local cellular intrusion. Gonorrhea possesses several surface proteins that aid in adherence. N. gonorrhoeae uses pili to establish an attachment to epithelial cells. Pili are hair-like appendages that coat the bacterial surface.
Because of their capacity to extend and retract, bacteria can adhere from a distance and migrate closer to epithelial cells, facilitating cellular invasion. Pili also helps with mobility and protection. Lipooligosaccharide binds to sperm cells, resulting in transfer from infected men to uninfected sexual partners.
Bacterial cells interact with host cell component receptors type 3 during the invasion of the cervical epithelium. The attachment of pili to the CR3 initiates this communication. Ruffling permits gonococci to infiltrate host cells in the form of giant vacuoles known as macropinosomes and proliferate within infected cells.
Gonococci are classified as serum-resistant or serum-sensitive depending on their susceptibility to complement activation death; serum-resistant strains can cause disseminated infection. N. gonorrhoeae has evolved a few methods to counteract the immunological defenses of its hosts’ adaptive and innate immunity systems.
Etiology
In nature, the obligatory pathogen N. gonorrhoeae only infects humans and causes urethritis in males and cervicitis in females. Bacteria exhibit symptoms to spread from one host to the other. These bacteria must infect a host to exist; they cannot survive without a host.
Untreated and undiagnosed gonorrheal urogenital infections can spread through the upper genitourinary tract and cause various severe reproductive complications, most commonly but not primarily in women, including endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, or life-threatening mortality through an ectopic pregnancy.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Antibiotics can generally treat a gonorrhea infection that has not spread. Antimicrobial resistance increases the mortality rate.
8-9 capsules (12,000,000-13,500,000 units) of Rovamycine 500 orally administered as one dose
Note: spiramycin is not advised as a suitable treatment for gonorrhea according to clinical practice guidelines
Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes Gonnorhea, a sexually transmitted infection that causes significant global morbidity in developed and developing nations. Like other STIs, gonorrhea disproportionately affects young adult populations.
N. gonorrhoeae is the world’s second most prevalent source of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. The WHO estimated 106 million cases recorded among adults globally each year, with many more infections going undetected. With almost 5,00,000 instances reported each year in the United States alone.
Gonorrhea infection has a significant male predominance due to the higher possibility that males may experience urogenital symptoms and an increase in diagnoses among gay men. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has increased the prevalence of gonorrheal STIs during the previous decade.
The infection of N. gonorrhoeae begins with gonococcal adherence to epithelial cells, accompanied by the local cellular intrusion. Gonorrhea possesses several surface proteins that aid in adherence. N. gonorrhoeae uses pili to establish an attachment to epithelial cells. Pili are hair-like appendages that coat the bacterial surface.
Because of their capacity to extend and retract, bacteria can adhere from a distance and migrate closer to epithelial cells, facilitating cellular invasion. Pili also helps with mobility and protection. Lipooligosaccharide binds to sperm cells, resulting in transfer from infected men to uninfected sexual partners.
Bacterial cells interact with host cell component receptors type 3 during the invasion of the cervical epithelium. The attachment of pili to the CR3 initiates this communication. Ruffling permits gonococci to infiltrate host cells in the form of giant vacuoles known as macropinosomes and proliferate within infected cells.
Gonococci are classified as serum-resistant or serum-sensitive depending on their susceptibility to complement activation death; serum-resistant strains can cause disseminated infection. N. gonorrhoeae has evolved a few methods to counteract the immunological defenses of its hosts’ adaptive and innate immunity systems.
In nature, the obligatory pathogen N. gonorrhoeae only infects humans and causes urethritis in males and cervicitis in females. Bacteria exhibit symptoms to spread from one host to the other. These bacteria must infect a host to exist; they cannot survive without a host.
Untreated and undiagnosed gonorrheal urogenital infections can spread through the upper genitourinary tract and cause various severe reproductive complications, most commonly but not primarily in women, including endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, or life-threatening mortality through an ectopic pregnancy.
Antibiotics can generally treat a gonorrhea infection that has not spread. Antimicrobial resistance increases the mortality rate.
8-9 capsules (12,000,000-13,500,000 units) of Rovamycine 500 orally administered as one dose
Note: spiramycin is not advised as a suitable treatment for gonorrhea according to clinical practice guidelines
For individuals weighing over 45 kg, an oral dose of 1 gram and a single intramuscular dose of 2 grams of cefoxitin should be administered
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558903/
medtigo
Gonorrhea
Updated :
October 3, 2022
Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes Gonnorhea, a sexually transmitted infection that causes significant global morbidity in developed and developing nations. Like other STIs, gonorrhea disproportionately affects young adult populations.
N. gonorrhoeae is the world’s second most prevalent source of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. The WHO estimated 106 million cases recorded among adults globally each year, with many more infections going undetected. With almost 5,00,000 instances reported each year in the United States alone.
Gonorrhea infection has a significant male predominance due to the higher possibility that males may experience urogenital symptoms and an increase in diagnoses among gay men. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has increased the prevalence of gonorrheal STIs during the previous decade.
The infection of N. gonorrhoeae begins with gonococcal adherence to epithelial cells, accompanied by the local cellular intrusion. Gonorrhea possesses several surface proteins that aid in adherence. N. gonorrhoeae uses pili to establish an attachment to epithelial cells. Pili are hair-like appendages that coat the bacterial surface.
Because of their capacity to extend and retract, bacteria can adhere from a distance and migrate closer to epithelial cells, facilitating cellular invasion. Pili also helps with mobility and protection. Lipooligosaccharide binds to sperm cells, resulting in transfer from infected men to uninfected sexual partners.
Bacterial cells interact with host cell component receptors type 3 during the invasion of the cervical epithelium. The attachment of pili to the CR3 initiates this communication. Ruffling permits gonococci to infiltrate host cells in the form of giant vacuoles known as macropinosomes and proliferate within infected cells.
Gonococci are classified as serum-resistant or serum-sensitive depending on their susceptibility to complement activation death; serum-resistant strains can cause disseminated infection. N. gonorrhoeae has evolved a few methods to counteract the immunological defenses of its hosts’ adaptive and innate immunity systems.
In nature, the obligatory pathogen N. gonorrhoeae only infects humans and causes urethritis in males and cervicitis in females. Bacteria exhibit symptoms to spread from one host to the other. These bacteria must infect a host to exist; they cannot survive without a host.
Untreated and undiagnosed gonorrheal urogenital infections can spread through the upper genitourinary tract and cause various severe reproductive complications, most commonly but not primarily in women, including endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, or life-threatening mortality through an ectopic pregnancy.
Antibiotics can generally treat a gonorrhea infection that has not spread. Antimicrobial resistance increases the mortality rate.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558903/
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