Effectiveness of Tai Chi vs Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
November 27, 2025
Background
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
600mg/day orally for four days
episodes of bleeding:
Bleeding episode prevention and control (Rixubis, BeneFIX)
Minor: Circulating level factor IX are required to be between 20 and 30 IU/dL, dosing interval 1-2 times a day, and therapy must last at least one day until healing is achieved.
Moderate: The required amount of circulating factor IX is 25 to 50 IU/dL; dosing interval 1-2 times a day, the treatment duration is 2 to 7 days until the bleeding stop and healing has taken place.
Major: The required level of circulating factor IX is 50 to 100 IU/dL; the dosing interval is 1-2 times a day; the therapy duration is 7–10 days until the bleeding stops & healing is complete.
(Alprolix) Bleeding episode prevention & control
Minor and moderate: Required circulatory factor IX level = 30 to 60 IU/DL; dose interval of one day when necessary
Major: To achieve healing, repeat the dosage after 6–10 hours, then every 24–36 hours for three days, and finally every 48–72 hours.
episodes of bleeding under control & prevention (Ixinity)
Minor: Circulating level factor IX must be between 30 and 60 IU/dL; one day dosage interval once a day when required; 1-3 days till healing is complete
Moderate: Dosing every once a day when necessary for 2–7 days until healing is complete; circulating level factor IX necessary = 40 to 80 IU/dL.
Major: Circulating level factor IXs must be between 60 and 100 IU/dL; the healing period is 2–14 days.
Bleeding episode management and prevention (Rebinyn; nonacog beta pegol)
Minor to moderate: A single dosage of 40 IU/kg Intravenous is normally adequate; further doses may be given if necessary.
Major: 80 IU/kg intravenous, with the further doses of 40 IU/kg
Rixubis perioperative management
Minor (e.g., tooth extraction): Circulating level factor IX needed to be between 30 and 60 IU/dL; dosing interval needed to be once a day; treatment needed for at least one day until healing is complete
Major: The circulating level factor IX needed is 80 to 100 IU/dL; the therapy period is 7–10 days until the bleeding stops and healing is complete.
BeneFIX perioperative management
Minor: Circulating level factor IXs must be between 20 and 30 IU/dL, and therapy must last at least one day until healing is complete.
Moderate: The needed amount of circulating factor IX is 25 to 50 IU/dL; the treatment period is 2 to 7 days until the bleeding stops and healing has taken place.
Major: The needed level of circulating factor IX is 50 to 100 IU/dL; the dose interval is 1-2 times a day; the therapy period is 7–10 days until the bleeding ceases and healing is complete.
(Alprolix) Postoperative treatment
Minor & moderate: Circulating level factor IX necessary = 50 to 80 IU/dL; one infusion may be adequate; repeat as necessary after 1-2 days until bleeding stops and healing is complete. Major: Consider repeating the dosage after 6 to 10 hours, then every once a day for three days. You may then lower the dose and prolong the dosing interval to every 48 hours (or longer) until the bleeding has stopped and healing has been completed.
(Ixinity) Perioperative management
Pre-operative, minor: Circulating level factor IX must be between 50 and 80 IU/dL.
Minor, depending on the kind of surgery, post-operative: Circulating level factor IX necessary = 30 to 80 IU/dL; dose interval: 24 hr; therapy duration: 1–5 days
Circulating level factor IX necessary for major surgery is 60 to 80 IU/dL.
Major, postoperative
8–24 hour of dosing interval
Days 1-3: 40 to 60 IU/dL of circulating factor IX is necessary.
Days 4-6: 30 to 50 IU/dL of circulating factor IX is necessary.
days 7–14: 20 to 40 IU/dL of Circulating level factor IX needed.
(Rebinyn) Perioperative management
Minor: A single preoperative Intravenous dosage of 40 IU/kg is normally adequate; extra doses may be given if necessary.
Major: 80 IU/kg Intravenous as a solitary dosage prior to surgery
Normal Prophylaxis for Haemophilia B
Indicated for regular prophylaxis to stop or lessen bleeding episodes' frequency
Alprolix
Initial: 100 IU/kg q10 days OR 50 IU/kg Intravenous once weekly
Adapt the dosage depending on each person's reaction
Ixinity
Above 12-year: 40 to 70 IU/kg Intravenous thrice weekly
According to age, bleeding pattern, and physical activity, adjust the dosage.
Rixubis
Two times per week, 40 to 60 IU/kg Intravenous boluses; maximum infusion rate of 10 mL/min
According to age, bleeding pattern, and physical activity, adjust the dosage.
Rebinyn
every Week: 40 IU/kg Intravenous
According to age, bleeding pattern, and physical activity, adjust the dosage.
Oral administration of 2 g 4 times a day, which is continued for 14 days approximately depending on the severity and nature of the infection
Dose Adjustments
Not Available
haemophilus influenzae type b vaccineÂ
Immunisation :
If the HIB vaccination was not administered before, one dose should be given
A splenectomy is recommended at least 14 days prior to the HIB vaccination
<1 month:10mg/kg orally for four days
>1 month: 20mg/kg orally for four days
control of bleeding:
BeneFIX: Approved for children under 15 years
Ixinity: Approved for children above the 12 years
Bleeding episode control & prevention (BeneFIX)
Minor: The level of circulating factor IX is 20 to 30 IU/dL necessary; dose interval of 1-2 times a day; therapy duration of at least 1 day till healing attained
Moderate: The level of circulating factor IX is 25 to 50 IU/dL necessary; dose interval 1-2 times a day; therapy duration 2-7 days until bleeding ceases and healing occurs
Major: The level of circulating factor IX is 50 to 100 IU/dL necessary; dose interval 1-2 times a day; therapy duration 7-10 days till bleeding ceases and healing occurs
(Alprolix) Bleeding episode control & prevention
Minor and medium: Circulating level factor IX necessary = 30 to 60 IU/DL; once a day when necessary, dosing interval
Major: Circulating level factor IX necessary = 80 to 100 IU/dL; consider repeating dosage after 6-10 hr, then every day for 3 days, then every 2 days till healing is accomplished.
Ribuxis bleeding episode control & prevention
Minor: The level of circulating factor IX is 20 to 30 IU/dL is necessary; dosage intervals of 1-2 times a day when necessary; at least 1 day till healing is attained.
Moderate: The level of circulating factor IX is 25 to 50 IU/dL necessary; dosing interval of 1-2 times a day when necessary; at least 2-7 days till healing accomplished
Major: The level of circulating factor IX is 50 to 100 IU/dL necessary; dosage interval of 1-2 times a day when necessary; at least 7-10 days till healing accomplished
Ixinity
Minor: The level of circulating factor IX is 30 to 60 IU/DL necessary; dosing interval of once a day when required; 1-3 days till healing attained
Moderate: Circulating level factor IX necessary = 40 to 80 IU/dL; once a day, when necessary, dose interval; 2-7 days till healing attained
Major: The level of circulating factor IX is 60 to 100 IU/dL necessary; dosage interval 1-2 times a day when necessary; 2-14 days till healing attained
Preventing and controlling bleeding episodes (Rebinyn)
Minor and moderate: A single dosage of 40 IU/kg intravenous is usually adequate; further doses may be given if necessary.
Major: 80 IU/kg intravenous, with further doses of 40 IU/kg possible.
Perioperative care (BeneFIX)
Minor: The level of circulating factor IX is 20 to 30 IU/dL necessary; dose interval of 1-2 times a day; therapy duration of at least 1 day till healing attained
Moderate: The level of circulating factor IX is 25 to 50 IU/dL necessary; dose interval 1-2 times a day; therapy duration 2-7 days until bleeding ceases and healing occurs
Major: The level of circulating factor IX is 50 to 100 IU/dL necessary; dose interval 1-2 times a day; therapy duration 7-10 days till bleeding ceases and healing occurs
Perioperative care (Alprolix)
Minor and moderate: Circulating level factor IX required = 50 to 80 IU/dL; a single infusion may suffice; repeat as needed after 1-2 days until bleeding stops, and healing occurs.
Major: Circulating level factor IX necessary = 60 to 100 IU/dL (initial level); consider repeating dosage after 6-10 hr, then every day for 3 days, then lower dose and prolong dosing interval to every 2 days (or longer) until bleeding stops and healing occurs.
Rixubis perioperative management
Minor: The level of circulating factor IX is 30 to 60 IU/DL necessary; one day dosing interval; at least 1 day till healing accomplished
Major: The level of circulating factor IX is 80 to 100 IU/dL is necessary; dose intervals of 1-3 times a day; and at least 7-10 days till healing is accomplished.
Ixinity (perioperative management)
Minor, pre-operative: The level of circulating factor IX is 50 to 80 IU/dL is necessary.
Minor, post-operative: Circulating level factor IX necessary = 30 to 80 IU/dL; once a day dosage frequency; treatment duration 1-5 days depending on operation type
Circulating level factor IX necessary for major surgery = 60 to 80 IU/dL
Significant, post-operative
8–24 hours dosing interval
Days 1 to 3: The level of circulating factor IX is 40 to 60 IU/dL is necessary.
Days 4 to 6: The level of circulating factor IX is 30 to 50 IU/dL is necessary.
Days 7 to 14: The level of circulating factor IX is 20 to 40 IU/dL is necessary.
Rebinyn (perioperative management)
Minor: A single preoperative dosage of 40 IU/kg intravenous is usually adequate; extra doses may be given if necessary.
Major: A single preoperative dosage of 80 IU/kg intravenous.
Routine Prophylaxis for Haemophilia B
Alprolix
50 IU/kg Intravenous once weekly at first, then 100 IU/kg every ten days.
Individual response should be used to adjust the dosage.
Ixinity
above 12 yrs: 40 to 70 IU/kg Intravenous twice a week
Adjust the dosage according on your age, bleeding pattern, and level of physical activity.
Rixubis
below 12 yrs: 60 to 80 IU/kg Intravenous twice a week
above 12 yrs: 40 to 60 IU/kg Intravenous twice a week
The maximum rate of infusion is 10 mL/min.
Dose should be adjusted depending on age, bleeding pattern, and physical activity.
Rebinyn
40 IU/kg Intravenous every week
Adjust the dosage according on your age, bleeding pattern, and level of physical activity.
haemophilus influenzae type b vaccineÂ
Immunisation :
IM immunization is recommended for children between two months to the 15 months and up to 5 years for catch-up vaccination
Primary series (6 weeks-12 months): 2 or 3 doses
Booster dose: 3rd or 4th dose is given between 12 to 15 months
Future Trends
References

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