Globally, acute hepatitis is frequently caused by the hepatitis A virus. Unlike hepatitis B and C, the hepatitis A virus does not induce chronic liver damage. Fulminant hepatitis is a rare complication of acute hepatitis; it often manifests as a self-limiting sickness.
An acute infection’s typical symptoms include nausea, abdominal discomfort, vomiting, low appetite, exhaustion, malaise, and fever; supportive treatment is used to treat these symptoms.
Children older than 12 months of age and adults at risk of exposure, such as those who travel to regions where the virus is endemic, engage in homogenous sexual activity or drug abuse, exposed at work, or have chronic liver illness, should have the hepatitis vaccine.
Epidemiology
The age group contracting hepatitis A has changed due to improved sanitation. There has been a decrease in the frequency of new infections in recent years. Low endemicity is present in the United States. People with anti-HAV antibodies with a history of infection are prevalent in Mexico.
States that are close to Mexico in the United States have a higher incidence of acute hepatitis. The reported incidence of hepatitis A has dropped by 90% to just 1.2 cases per 100,000 people.
Children and states where systematic immunization began in 1999 have experienced the highest declines. The average age of individuals with hepatitis A has increased over the last four decades.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Animal studies that found HAV (Hepatitis A virus) antigens in intestinal crypt epithelial cells and lamina propria cells in the small intestine imply that replication may also occur at these locations. When a virus is swallowed orally, the gastrointestinal system absorbs it, and the HAV particles are then transported via the portal circulation to the basolateral membrane of the hepatocyte.
Acute HAV infection causes hepatocellular damage that is mediated by several immunological systems. It has been demonstrated that individuals with acute HAV infection experience cytotoxic interferon-gamma production from virus-specific T cells. Recent mice models have shown that HAV causes inflammation and hepatocellular death linked to the innate immune response.
The diagnostic serologic assays are a result of the humoral immune response. HAV is eradicated in bile and discharged into the feces after replicating in the liver. The person is most contagious during the two weeks before the start of jaundice when the virus concentration in the stool is at its maximum. One week after jaundice first manifests, most individuals are not contagious, and virus is eliminated through stools and viremia is reduced.
Etiology
Infection with HAV is one of the most widespread causes of acute hepatitis around the world. According to the WHO, HAV infects over 1.5 million people every year. Endemic rates are high in developing nations with inadequate socioeconomic situations and poor sanitation and hygiene standards.
In these underdeveloped nations, exposure typically happens during childhood. Infections are low in developed nations like Western Europe, the United States, and Canada. Intravenous drug users, males engaged in homogenous sexual intercourse, tourists visiting endemic areas, and isolated communities like nursing homes and even day-care facilities have been recognized as high-risk groups in low-endemicity countries.
The prevalence of HAV in a specific population is related to socioeconomic factors such as income, sanitation, and water quality. The prevalence of HAV in the United States has fallen after immunization was implemented. Most transmission cases occur from person to person and are limited to close interactions. An infrequent cause of hepatitis A is blood transfusion.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
The majority of HAV patients have excellent outcomes. Long-term immunity is typical after an infection, and unlike other viral hepatitis infections, the return of symptoms is uncommon. Death is uncommon; however, it can occur in the elderly or those with an underlying liver condition.
Every year, around a hundred people die from HAV in the United States. A liver transplant has only been performed occasionally in children with fulminant illness. Age is the most important prognostic indicator; the more the person’s age, the more probable an adverse reaction or incident will occur. Long-term consequences are pretty unusual.
for the contacts of Household and institutional hepatitis A
Persons traveling to areas where hepatitis A is common:
Dosing is divided based on the duration of stay to areas where hepatitis A is common
For one month stay: 0.1 mL/kg intramuscularly IM
For two months stay: 0.2 mL/kg intramuscularly IM
More than two months stay: 0.2 mL/kg intramuscularly IM every two months
Age: 12 months-40 years
0.1 mL/kg intramuscularly IM for the contacts of Household and institutional hepatitis A
Dosing is divided based on the duration of stay to areas where hepatitis A is common.
For one month stay: 0.1 mL/kg intramuscularly IM
For two months stay: 0.2 mL/kg intramuscularly IM
More than two months stay: 0.2 mL/kg intramuscularly IM every two months
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Media Gallary
References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/
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Globally, acute hepatitis is frequently caused by the hepatitis A virus. Unlike hepatitis B and C, the hepatitis A virus does not induce chronic liver damage. Fulminant hepatitis is a rare complication of acute hepatitis; it often manifests as a self-limiting sickness.
An acute infection’s typical symptoms include nausea, abdominal discomfort, vomiting, low appetite, exhaustion, malaise, and fever; supportive treatment is used to treat these symptoms.
Children older than 12 months of age and adults at risk of exposure, such as those who travel to regions where the virus is endemic, engage in homogenous sexual activity or drug abuse, exposed at work, or have chronic liver illness, should have the hepatitis vaccine.
The age group contracting hepatitis A has changed due to improved sanitation. There has been a decrease in the frequency of new infections in recent years. Low endemicity is present in the United States. People with anti-HAV antibodies with a history of infection are prevalent in Mexico.
States that are close to Mexico in the United States have a higher incidence of acute hepatitis. The reported incidence of hepatitis A has dropped by 90% to just 1.2 cases per 100,000 people.
Children and states where systematic immunization began in 1999 have experienced the highest declines. The average age of individuals with hepatitis A has increased over the last four decades.
Animal studies that found HAV (Hepatitis A virus) antigens in intestinal crypt epithelial cells and lamina propria cells in the small intestine imply that replication may also occur at these locations. When a virus is swallowed orally, the gastrointestinal system absorbs it, and the HAV particles are then transported via the portal circulation to the basolateral membrane of the hepatocyte.
Acute HAV infection causes hepatocellular damage that is mediated by several immunological systems. It has been demonstrated that individuals with acute HAV infection experience cytotoxic interferon-gamma production from virus-specific T cells. Recent mice models have shown that HAV causes inflammation and hepatocellular death linked to the innate immune response.
The diagnostic serologic assays are a result of the humoral immune response. HAV is eradicated in bile and discharged into the feces after replicating in the liver. The person is most contagious during the two weeks before the start of jaundice when the virus concentration in the stool is at its maximum. One week after jaundice first manifests, most individuals are not contagious, and virus is eliminated through stools and viremia is reduced.
Infection with HAV is one of the most widespread causes of acute hepatitis around the world. According to the WHO, HAV infects over 1.5 million people every year. Endemic rates are high in developing nations with inadequate socioeconomic situations and poor sanitation and hygiene standards.
In these underdeveloped nations, exposure typically happens during childhood. Infections are low in developed nations like Western Europe, the United States, and Canada. Intravenous drug users, males engaged in homogenous sexual intercourse, tourists visiting endemic areas, and isolated communities like nursing homes and even day-care facilities have been recognized as high-risk groups in low-endemicity countries.
The prevalence of HAV in a specific population is related to socioeconomic factors such as income, sanitation, and water quality. The prevalence of HAV in the United States has fallen after immunization was implemented. Most transmission cases occur from person to person and are limited to close interactions. An infrequent cause of hepatitis A is blood transfusion.
The majority of HAV patients have excellent outcomes. Long-term immunity is typical after an infection, and unlike other viral hepatitis infections, the return of symptoms is uncommon. Death is uncommon; however, it can occur in the elderly or those with an underlying liver condition.
Every year, around a hundred people die from HAV in the United States. A liver transplant has only been performed occasionally in children with fulminant illness. Age is the most important prognostic indicator; the more the person’s age, the more probable an adverse reaction or incident will occur. Long-term consequences are pretty unusual.
for the contacts of Household and institutional hepatitis A
Persons traveling to areas where hepatitis A is common:
Dosing is divided based on the duration of stay to areas where hepatitis A is common
For one month stay: 0.1 mL/kg intramuscularly IM
For two months stay: 0.2 mL/kg intramuscularly IM
More than two months stay: 0.2 mL/kg intramuscularly IM every two months
Age: 12 months-40 years
0.1 mL/kg intramuscularly IM for the contacts of Household and institutional hepatitis A
Dosing is divided based on the duration of stay to areas where hepatitis A is common.
For one month stay: 0.1 mL/kg intramuscularly IM
For two months stay: 0.2 mL/kg intramuscularly IM
More than two months stay: 0.2 mL/kg intramuscularly IM every two months
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/
medtigo
Hepatitis A
Updated :
November 4, 2022
Globally, acute hepatitis is frequently caused by the hepatitis A virus. Unlike hepatitis B and C, the hepatitis A virus does not induce chronic liver damage. Fulminant hepatitis is a rare complication of acute hepatitis; it often manifests as a self-limiting sickness.
An acute infection’s typical symptoms include nausea, abdominal discomfort, vomiting, low appetite, exhaustion, malaise, and fever; supportive treatment is used to treat these symptoms.
Children older than 12 months of age and adults at risk of exposure, such as those who travel to regions where the virus is endemic, engage in homogenous sexual activity or drug abuse, exposed at work, or have chronic liver illness, should have the hepatitis vaccine.
The age group contracting hepatitis A has changed due to improved sanitation. There has been a decrease in the frequency of new infections in recent years. Low endemicity is present in the United States. People with anti-HAV antibodies with a history of infection are prevalent in Mexico.
States that are close to Mexico in the United States have a higher incidence of acute hepatitis. The reported incidence of hepatitis A has dropped by 90% to just 1.2 cases per 100,000 people.
Children and states where systematic immunization began in 1999 have experienced the highest declines. The average age of individuals with hepatitis A has increased over the last four decades.
Animal studies that found HAV (Hepatitis A virus) antigens in intestinal crypt epithelial cells and lamina propria cells in the small intestine imply that replication may also occur at these locations. When a virus is swallowed orally, the gastrointestinal system absorbs it, and the HAV particles are then transported via the portal circulation to the basolateral membrane of the hepatocyte.
Acute HAV infection causes hepatocellular damage that is mediated by several immunological systems. It has been demonstrated that individuals with acute HAV infection experience cytotoxic interferon-gamma production from virus-specific T cells. Recent mice models have shown that HAV causes inflammation and hepatocellular death linked to the innate immune response.
The diagnostic serologic assays are a result of the humoral immune response. HAV is eradicated in bile and discharged into the feces after replicating in the liver. The person is most contagious during the two weeks before the start of jaundice when the virus concentration in the stool is at its maximum. One week after jaundice first manifests, most individuals are not contagious, and virus is eliminated through stools and viremia is reduced.
Infection with HAV is one of the most widespread causes of acute hepatitis around the world. According to the WHO, HAV infects over 1.5 million people every year. Endemic rates are high in developing nations with inadequate socioeconomic situations and poor sanitation and hygiene standards.
In these underdeveloped nations, exposure typically happens during childhood. Infections are low in developed nations like Western Europe, the United States, and Canada. Intravenous drug users, males engaged in homogenous sexual intercourse, tourists visiting endemic areas, and isolated communities like nursing homes and even day-care facilities have been recognized as high-risk groups in low-endemicity countries.
The prevalence of HAV in a specific population is related to socioeconomic factors such as income, sanitation, and water quality. The prevalence of HAV in the United States has fallen after immunization was implemented. Most transmission cases occur from person to person and are limited to close interactions. An infrequent cause of hepatitis A is blood transfusion.
The majority of HAV patients have excellent outcomes. Long-term immunity is typical after an infection, and unlike other viral hepatitis infections, the return of symptoms is uncommon. Death is uncommon; however, it can occur in the elderly or those with an underlying liver condition.
Every year, around a hundred people die from HAV in the United States. A liver transplant has only been performed occasionally in children with fulminant illness. Age is the most important prognostic indicator; the more the person’s age, the more probable an adverse reaction or incident will occur. Long-term consequences are pretty unusual.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459290/
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