The Hepatitis E virus is the leading factor of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. It is also not frequently diagnosed due to broad symptoms and a self-limiting disease course. Hepatitis E belongs to the Hepeviridae family’s genus Orthohepevirus. It is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
In healthy hosts, it usually causes acute, self-limiting hepatitis. In immunocompromised patients, it can also advance to chronic hepatitis. Compared to acute hepatitis, it is associated with a higher mortality rate.
Epidemiology
The Hepatitis E virus, according to the World Health Organization, estimated over 55,000 fatalities and about 20 million new infections each year. Hepatitis E infection is widespread throughout the world, but it is most prevalent in underdeveloped nations.
The Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Central America have the highest infection rates. In North Africa and the Middle East, it ranks as the second most typical cause of sporadic hepatitis. Sporadic cases have been reported in western nations, mostly among tourists visiting endemic regions.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Hepatitis E is usually transmitted through contaminated water via the fecal-oral route, and substantial waterborne outbreaks are common, particularly in developing countries. Human-to-human transmission is sporadic. It can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, especially in endemic regions.
It can be passed down from infected mothers to infants, resulting in fetal loss and significant perinatal mortality. Hepatitis E is eliminated in the feces. Although there is insufficient evidence of virus transmission through breast milk, it has been isolated in breast milk. Hepatitis E infection has an incubation period of 28-40 days.
Virus accumulates through the gastrointestinal mucosa into the portal circulation and then to the liver after ingestion. Other than the liver, no other tissues have shown virus replication. Hepatitis can cause liver morphologic changes that imitate classic acute hepatitis and cholestasis; however, the characteristics do not help diagnose hepatitis E.
Etiology
The Hepatitis E virus has four distinct genotypes. Human viruses of genotypes 1 & 2 are found primarily in developing nations such as Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Central America. They are transmitted via the fecal-oral route from contaminated water.
Genotypes 3 & 4 are primarily seen in animals transferred to humans through the consumption of raw meat, like deer and pork, and are primarily observed in developed countries such as China, Japan, Australia, and the United States. Genotype 1&2 is typically seen in younger adults as part of outbreaks, causing an acute self-limited infection that does not advance to chronic infection.
Acute infections in pregnant women or individuals with chronic liver disease, on the other hand, can be severe, progressing to fulminant liver failure. Genotypes 3 & 4 are primarily seen in elderly adults and cause sporadic cases.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
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References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532278/
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The Hepatitis E virus is the leading factor of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. It is also not frequently diagnosed due to broad symptoms and a self-limiting disease course. Hepatitis E belongs to the Hepeviridae family’s genus Orthohepevirus. It is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
In healthy hosts, it usually causes acute, self-limiting hepatitis. In immunocompromised patients, it can also advance to chronic hepatitis. Compared to acute hepatitis, it is associated with a higher mortality rate.
The Hepatitis E virus, according to the World Health Organization, estimated over 55,000 fatalities and about 20 million new infections each year. Hepatitis E infection is widespread throughout the world, but it is most prevalent in underdeveloped nations.
The Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Central America have the highest infection rates. In North Africa and the Middle East, it ranks as the second most typical cause of sporadic hepatitis. Sporadic cases have been reported in western nations, mostly among tourists visiting endemic regions.
Hepatitis E is usually transmitted through contaminated water via the fecal-oral route, and substantial waterborne outbreaks are common, particularly in developing countries. Human-to-human transmission is sporadic. It can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, especially in endemic regions.
It can be passed down from infected mothers to infants, resulting in fetal loss and significant perinatal mortality. Hepatitis E is eliminated in the feces. Although there is insufficient evidence of virus transmission through breast milk, it has been isolated in breast milk. Hepatitis E infection has an incubation period of 28-40 days.
Virus accumulates through the gastrointestinal mucosa into the portal circulation and then to the liver after ingestion. Other than the liver, no other tissues have shown virus replication. Hepatitis can cause liver morphologic changes that imitate classic acute hepatitis and cholestasis; however, the characteristics do not help diagnose hepatitis E.
The Hepatitis E virus has four distinct genotypes. Human viruses of genotypes 1 & 2 are found primarily in developing nations such as Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Central America. They are transmitted via the fecal-oral route from contaminated water.
Genotypes 3 & 4 are primarily seen in animals transferred to humans through the consumption of raw meat, like deer and pork, and are primarily observed in developed countries such as China, Japan, Australia, and the United States. Genotype 1&2 is typically seen in younger adults as part of outbreaks, causing an acute self-limited infection that does not advance to chronic infection.
Acute infections in pregnant women or individuals with chronic liver disease, on the other hand, can be severe, progressing to fulminant liver failure. Genotypes 3 & 4 are primarily seen in elderly adults and cause sporadic cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532278/
medtigo
Hepatitis E
Updated :
October 28, 2022
The Hepatitis E virus is the leading factor of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. It is also not frequently diagnosed due to broad symptoms and a self-limiting disease course. Hepatitis E belongs to the Hepeviridae family’s genus Orthohepevirus. It is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
In healthy hosts, it usually causes acute, self-limiting hepatitis. In immunocompromised patients, it can also advance to chronic hepatitis. Compared to acute hepatitis, it is associated with a higher mortality rate.
The Hepatitis E virus, according to the World Health Organization, estimated over 55,000 fatalities and about 20 million new infections each year. Hepatitis E infection is widespread throughout the world, but it is most prevalent in underdeveloped nations.
The Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Central America have the highest infection rates. In North Africa and the Middle East, it ranks as the second most typical cause of sporadic hepatitis. Sporadic cases have been reported in western nations, mostly among tourists visiting endemic regions.
Hepatitis E is usually transmitted through contaminated water via the fecal-oral route, and substantial waterborne outbreaks are common, particularly in developing countries. Human-to-human transmission is sporadic. It can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, especially in endemic regions.
It can be passed down from infected mothers to infants, resulting in fetal loss and significant perinatal mortality. Hepatitis E is eliminated in the feces. Although there is insufficient evidence of virus transmission through breast milk, it has been isolated in breast milk. Hepatitis E infection has an incubation period of 28-40 days.
Virus accumulates through the gastrointestinal mucosa into the portal circulation and then to the liver after ingestion. Other than the liver, no other tissues have shown virus replication. Hepatitis can cause liver morphologic changes that imitate classic acute hepatitis and cholestasis; however, the characteristics do not help diagnose hepatitis E.
The Hepatitis E virus has four distinct genotypes. Human viruses of genotypes 1 & 2 are found primarily in developing nations such as Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Central America. They are transmitted via the fecal-oral route from contaminated water.
Genotypes 3 & 4 are primarily seen in animals transferred to humans through the consumption of raw meat, like deer and pork, and are primarily observed in developed countries such as China, Japan, Australia, and the United States. Genotype 1&2 is typically seen in younger adults as part of outbreaks, causing an acute self-limited infection that does not advance to chronic infection.
Acute infections in pregnant women or individuals with chronic liver disease, on the other hand, can be severe, progressing to fulminant liver failure. Genotypes 3 & 4 are primarily seen in elderly adults and cause sporadic cases.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532278/
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