Due to assigned gender at birth that corresponds with their gender identification, transgender women face lifetime gender dysphoria. To manage their gender dysphoria, they frequently resort to hormone therapy, either with or without surgery.
Anti-androgens are utilized as adjuncts to help decrease masculinizing characteristics, and supplemental estrogen is used to help feminize patients. Reduced body and facial hair, lessened muscle mass, increased breast size, and altered fat distribution are some of the expected morphological changes brought on by estrogen and anti-androgen treatment.
Epidemiology
Over time, more transgender people have started seeking out cross-sex hormone therapy. The reported prevalence of transgender women was estimated to be 1 in 11,900. According to a large cohort study in the United States, the prevalence was slightly more than 3.29 per 10000 individuals.
Transgender prevalence estimates have always been challenging to estimate. The most current figures in the United States, which vary between 0.3-0.5%, have been concluded from several surveys.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Hormonal therapy with GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonists could be initiated in early adolescence in some who have undergone specific mental health screening, considering that future fertility might be jeopardized.
Female body composition with less fatty tissues in the abdominal region, more in the hips, soft skin, and breast growth are all essential physical characteristics of feminization. Furthermore, sex hormones influence the brain to alter mood and libido.
Due to negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, estrogen supplementation reduces testosterone concentrations. When alone estrogen treatment is initiated, testosterone concentrations fall into the lower range for a man but remain above the average limits for a woman.
Etiology
Most estrogen-directed therapies used rely heavily on Ethinyl estradiol. It is not the case anymore, as clinical evidence suggested a substantial link between Ethinyl estradiol and an increased risk of developing deep venous thrombosis. Other medicines that have the potential to reduce testosterone levels include gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists like goserelin and cyproterone.
GnRH analogs such as histrelin, goserelin, and leuprolide lower the luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone release, resulting in less stimulation of testicular testosterone production. Other than reducing gonadal hormone concentrations, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues have limited effects.
GnRH agonists are widely recommended as a puberty blocker in teenagers with gender dysphoria to prevent the onset of puberty. Still, they may also be utilized in adults with adverse drug reactions to anti-androgen therapy.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Approximately 40-50% of transgender people are verbally or physically abused. Transwomen were subjected to substantially greater discrimination and emotional and sexual abuse than transmen.
Internalized transphobia, negative expectations, and nondisclosure were all associated with increased depressive symptoms. A study of 2842 transfeminine people in the United States over four years found a considerably increased risk of venous thromboembolism and ischemic stroke.
Due to assigned gender at birth that corresponds with their gender identification, transgender women face lifetime gender dysphoria. To manage their gender dysphoria, they frequently resort to hormone therapy, either with or without surgery.
Anti-androgens are utilized as adjuncts to help decrease masculinizing characteristics, and supplemental estrogen is used to help feminize patients. Reduced body and facial hair, lessened muscle mass, increased breast size, and altered fat distribution are some of the expected morphological changes brought on by estrogen and anti-androgen treatment.
Over time, more transgender people have started seeking out cross-sex hormone therapy. The reported prevalence of transgender women was estimated to be 1 in 11,900. According to a large cohort study in the United States, the prevalence was slightly more than 3.29 per 10000 individuals.
Transgender prevalence estimates have always been challenging to estimate. The most current figures in the United States, which vary between 0.3-0.5%, have been concluded from several surveys.
Hormonal therapy with GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonists could be initiated in early adolescence in some who have undergone specific mental health screening, considering that future fertility might be jeopardized.
Female body composition with less fatty tissues in the abdominal region, more in the hips, soft skin, and breast growth are all essential physical characteristics of feminization. Furthermore, sex hormones influence the brain to alter mood and libido.
Due to negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, estrogen supplementation reduces testosterone concentrations. When alone estrogen treatment is initiated, testosterone concentrations fall into the lower range for a man but remain above the average limits for a woman.
Most estrogen-directed therapies used rely heavily on Ethinyl estradiol. It is not the case anymore, as clinical evidence suggested a substantial link between Ethinyl estradiol and an increased risk of developing deep venous thrombosis. Other medicines that have the potential to reduce testosterone levels include gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists like goserelin and cyproterone.
GnRH analogs such as histrelin, goserelin, and leuprolide lower the luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone release, resulting in less stimulation of testicular testosterone production. Other than reducing gonadal hormone concentrations, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues have limited effects.
GnRH agonists are widely recommended as a puberty blocker in teenagers with gender dysphoria to prevent the onset of puberty. Still, they may also be utilized in adults with adverse drug reactions to anti-androgen therapy.
Approximately 40-50% of transgender people are verbally or physically abused. Transwomen were subjected to substantially greater discrimination and emotional and sexual abuse than transmen.
Internalized transphobia, negative expectations, and nondisclosure were all associated with increased depressive symptoms. A study of 2842 transfeminine people in the United States over four years found a considerably increased risk of venous thromboembolism and ischemic stroke.
Due to assigned gender at birth that corresponds with their gender identification, transgender women face lifetime gender dysphoria. To manage their gender dysphoria, they frequently resort to hormone therapy, either with or without surgery.
Anti-androgens are utilized as adjuncts to help decrease masculinizing characteristics, and supplemental estrogen is used to help feminize patients. Reduced body and facial hair, lessened muscle mass, increased breast size, and altered fat distribution are some of the expected morphological changes brought on by estrogen and anti-androgen treatment.
Over time, more transgender people have started seeking out cross-sex hormone therapy. The reported prevalence of transgender women was estimated to be 1 in 11,900. According to a large cohort study in the United States, the prevalence was slightly more than 3.29 per 10000 individuals.
Transgender prevalence estimates have always been challenging to estimate. The most current figures in the United States, which vary between 0.3-0.5%, have been concluded from several surveys.
Hormonal therapy with GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonists could be initiated in early adolescence in some who have undergone specific mental health screening, considering that future fertility might be jeopardized.
Female body composition with less fatty tissues in the abdominal region, more in the hips, soft skin, and breast growth are all essential physical characteristics of feminization. Furthermore, sex hormones influence the brain to alter mood and libido.
Due to negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, estrogen supplementation reduces testosterone concentrations. When alone estrogen treatment is initiated, testosterone concentrations fall into the lower range for a man but remain above the average limits for a woman.
Most estrogen-directed therapies used rely heavily on Ethinyl estradiol. It is not the case anymore, as clinical evidence suggested a substantial link between Ethinyl estradiol and an increased risk of developing deep venous thrombosis. Other medicines that have the potential to reduce testosterone levels include gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists like goserelin and cyproterone.
GnRH analogs such as histrelin, goserelin, and leuprolide lower the luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone release, resulting in less stimulation of testicular testosterone production. Other than reducing gonadal hormone concentrations, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues have limited effects.
GnRH agonists are widely recommended as a puberty blocker in teenagers with gender dysphoria to prevent the onset of puberty. Still, they may also be utilized in adults with adverse drug reactions to anti-androgen therapy.
Approximately 40-50% of transgender people are verbally or physically abused. Transwomen were subjected to substantially greater discrimination and emotional and sexual abuse than transmen.
Internalized transphobia, negative expectations, and nondisclosure were all associated with increased depressive symptoms. A study of 2842 transfeminine people in the United States over four years found a considerably increased risk of venous thromboembolism and ischemic stroke.
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