Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is defined by episodes of the partial or complete collapse of the upper airway followed by a drop in saturated oxygen or awakening from sleep. This disruption causes fragmented, nonrestorative sleep.
Other symptoms include obnoxious snoring, apneas during sleep, and excessive daytime tiredness. OSA severely affects cardiovascular health, mental health, quality of life, and driving safety.
Epidemiology
OSA (defined as five or more occurrences per hour) affects nearly 1 billion individuals worldwide, with 425,000,000 individuals aged 30-69 years suffering from moderate to severe OSA (15 or more episodes per hour).
According to studies, 25-30% of males and 9% to 17% of women in the United States have obstructive sleep apnea. Hispanic, Asian, and Black groups have a greater prevalence. Prevalence increases with age; females outnumber males by age 50 and acquire this disease.
The increased prevalence of OSA is linked to rising obesity rates ranging from 14% to 55%. Certain risk factors, including obesity and upper airway soft tissue anatomy, are genetically inherited; therefore, there may be a genetic component.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Upper airway obstruction while sleeping is usually caused by negative collapsing pressure upon inspirations, although gradual expiratory constriction in the retropalatal region also plays a role.
The amount of upper airway constriction during sleep is frequently related to BMI, stating that anatomical and neuromuscular variables play a role in airway obstruction.
Etiology
Pharyngeal constriction and closure during sleep is a complicated process likely caused by a combination of factors. Sleep-related decreased ventilatory drive and neuromuscular risk factors, in conjunction with anatomical risk factors, are expected to play a substantial role in upper airway blockage during sleep.
Wide neck circumference, bone, soft tissue, or arteries are all anatomic variables that contribute to pharyngeal constriction. Many of these features can result in increased upper airway surrounding pressure, pharyngeal collapsibility, and inadequate room to facilitate airflow in a section of the upper airway during sleep.
Furthermore, as upper airway muscular tone declines, a repeated partial or complete airway collapse occurs. Obesity, the male gender, and increasing age are adults’ most prevalent causes of OSA. When BMI is considered, the severity of OSA diminishes with age. Additional risk factors that increase the incidence of this condition are smoking, alcohol, use of hypnotics and sedatives
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
The short-term prognosis for OSA therapy is favorable, but the long-term prognosis is uncertain. The most severe issue is non-adherence to CPAP, with almost half of patients discontinuing use within the first month despite instruction.
Many individuals have comorbidities or are at risk of heart attack or stroke. As a result, people who do not utilize CPAP are at a higher risk of cardiac and cerebral adverse events and higher yearly healthcare-related costs.
Additionally, OSA is linked to pulmonary hypertension, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and daytime sedation. Furthermore, these people are at significant risk of being involved in a car accident.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is defined by episodes of the partial or complete collapse of the upper airway followed by a drop in saturated oxygen or awakening from sleep. This disruption causes fragmented, nonrestorative sleep.
Other symptoms include obnoxious snoring, apneas during sleep, and excessive daytime tiredness. OSA severely affects cardiovascular health, mental health, quality of life, and driving safety.
OSA (defined as five or more occurrences per hour) affects nearly 1 billion individuals worldwide, with 425,000,000 individuals aged 30-69 years suffering from moderate to severe OSA (15 or more episodes per hour).
According to studies, 25-30% of males and 9% to 17% of women in the United States have obstructive sleep apnea. Hispanic, Asian, and Black groups have a greater prevalence. Prevalence increases with age; females outnumber males by age 50 and acquire this disease.
The increased prevalence of OSA is linked to rising obesity rates ranging from 14% to 55%. Certain risk factors, including obesity and upper airway soft tissue anatomy, are genetically inherited; therefore, there may be a genetic component.
Upper airway obstruction while sleeping is usually caused by negative collapsing pressure upon inspirations, although gradual expiratory constriction in the retropalatal region also plays a role.
The amount of upper airway constriction during sleep is frequently related to BMI, stating that anatomical and neuromuscular variables play a role in airway obstruction.
Pharyngeal constriction and closure during sleep is a complicated process likely caused by a combination of factors. Sleep-related decreased ventilatory drive and neuromuscular risk factors, in conjunction with anatomical risk factors, are expected to play a substantial role in upper airway blockage during sleep.
Wide neck circumference, bone, soft tissue, or arteries are all anatomic variables that contribute to pharyngeal constriction. Many of these features can result in increased upper airway surrounding pressure, pharyngeal collapsibility, and inadequate room to facilitate airflow in a section of the upper airway during sleep.
Furthermore, as upper airway muscular tone declines, a repeated partial or complete airway collapse occurs. Obesity, the male gender, and increasing age are adults’ most prevalent causes of OSA. When BMI is considered, the severity of OSA diminishes with age. Additional risk factors that increase the incidence of this condition are smoking, alcohol, use of hypnotics and sedatives
The short-term prognosis for OSA therapy is favorable, but the long-term prognosis is uncertain. The most severe issue is non-adherence to CPAP, with almost half of patients discontinuing use within the first month despite instruction.
Many individuals have comorbidities or are at risk of heart attack or stroke. As a result, people who do not utilize CPAP are at a higher risk of cardiac and cerebral adverse events and higher yearly healthcare-related costs.
Additionally, OSA is linked to pulmonary hypertension, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and daytime sedation. Furthermore, these people are at significant risk of being involved in a car accident.
Upon awakening, take 37.5mg orally everyday
The dose can be doubled at least every three days.
Maximum dose-150mg orally everyday
Dose Adjustments
Dosage Modifications Renal Impairment
Severe-Initiate 37.5mg everyday orally
Moderate- Initiate 37.5mg everyday orally
Mild-Dosage adjustment is not necessary
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459252/
medtigo
Obstructive sleep apnea
Updated :
September 27, 2022
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is defined by episodes of the partial or complete collapse of the upper airway followed by a drop in saturated oxygen or awakening from sleep. This disruption causes fragmented, nonrestorative sleep.
Other symptoms include obnoxious snoring, apneas during sleep, and excessive daytime tiredness. OSA severely affects cardiovascular health, mental health, quality of life, and driving safety.
OSA (defined as five or more occurrences per hour) affects nearly 1 billion individuals worldwide, with 425,000,000 individuals aged 30-69 years suffering from moderate to severe OSA (15 or more episodes per hour).
According to studies, 25-30% of males and 9% to 17% of women in the United States have obstructive sleep apnea. Hispanic, Asian, and Black groups have a greater prevalence. Prevalence increases with age; females outnumber males by age 50 and acquire this disease.
The increased prevalence of OSA is linked to rising obesity rates ranging from 14% to 55%. Certain risk factors, including obesity and upper airway soft tissue anatomy, are genetically inherited; therefore, there may be a genetic component.
Upper airway obstruction while sleeping is usually caused by negative collapsing pressure upon inspirations, although gradual expiratory constriction in the retropalatal region also plays a role.
The amount of upper airway constriction during sleep is frequently related to BMI, stating that anatomical and neuromuscular variables play a role in airway obstruction.
Pharyngeal constriction and closure during sleep is a complicated process likely caused by a combination of factors. Sleep-related decreased ventilatory drive and neuromuscular risk factors, in conjunction with anatomical risk factors, are expected to play a substantial role in upper airway blockage during sleep.
Wide neck circumference, bone, soft tissue, or arteries are all anatomic variables that contribute to pharyngeal constriction. Many of these features can result in increased upper airway surrounding pressure, pharyngeal collapsibility, and inadequate room to facilitate airflow in a section of the upper airway during sleep.
Furthermore, as upper airway muscular tone declines, a repeated partial or complete airway collapse occurs. Obesity, the male gender, and increasing age are adults’ most prevalent causes of OSA. When BMI is considered, the severity of OSA diminishes with age. Additional risk factors that increase the incidence of this condition are smoking, alcohol, use of hypnotics and sedatives
The short-term prognosis for OSA therapy is favorable, but the long-term prognosis is uncertain. The most severe issue is non-adherence to CPAP, with almost half of patients discontinuing use within the first month despite instruction.
Many individuals have comorbidities or are at risk of heart attack or stroke. As a result, people who do not utilize CPAP are at a higher risk of cardiac and cerebral adverse events and higher yearly healthcare-related costs.
Additionally, OSA is linked to pulmonary hypertension, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and daytime sedation. Furthermore, these people are at significant risk of being involved in a car accident.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459252/
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