Salivary gland tumors can be cancerous or benign, and cancerous lesions can be metastatic or primary. Many histological kinds of parotid tumors are possible; however, some are rare due to the non-epithelial and epithelial histology of the afflicted organ.
Salivary gland cancer has a wide range of histological looks and biological characteristics. It might be difficult to distinguish different tumor kinds, especially when using material from FNA (fine-needle aspiration). Salivary gland lesions have several distinct features that show them intriguing.
The pleomorphic adenoma, which is the most common benign tumor has the potential to become malignant, and although benign, it has a high rate of recurrence after therapy. It’s not surprising that salivary gland tumors are frequently employed in clinical findings, given various pathology, clinical symptoms, investigative challenges, and contested therapeutic alternatives.
Salivary gland neoplasms that are malignant usually appear after the sixth phase of lifespan, whereas benign lesions appear in the fourth to the fifth phase of life. Women are more likely to get benign lesions, although men and women are equally likely to develop malignant lesions. The parotid gland is home to the bulk of salivary gland cancers, with the submandibular gland accounting for roughly 10% and the tiny salivary glands accounting for less than 4%.
Many parotid gland lesions are benign, with pleomorphic adenoma most common. Lesions in the small salivary glands and the submandibular gland, on the other hand, are more prone to be cancerous. Salivary gland cancers have a variable mortality rate depending on their stage. The 5-year survival rate is over 70%.
Epidemiology
Salivary glands are a usual site of benign disease, with malignant tumors being uncommon. In the United Kingdom, about 300 instances of primary parotid gland cancer are reported each year, with less than 10 cases occurring in children. Malignant lesions usually appear in patients in their sixties.
Globally, the incidence is calculated to be between 0.5 to 3.0 per 100,000 annually, accounting for about five percent of all head and neck cancers. The five-year survival rate for malignant salivary tumors varies depending on the phase of the disease; however, it has been estimated to be approximately seventy percent.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Over 40 variations of salivary gland tumors and tumor-like lesions are currently included in the World Health Organization histological classification of salivary gland cancers (e.g., cysts in the salivary gland).
The following is a basic classification:
Warthin tumor (adenolymphoma), Pleomorphic adenoma, myoepithelioma, oncocytoma, basal cell adenomas, and cystadenomas are examples of benign adenomas.
Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma is examples of hematolymphoid cancers.
Haemangioma, lymphangioma, and neurofibromas are non-epithelial tumors.
Carcinomas can also be labeled as high-grade, low-grade, or mixed, reflecting a varied behavior based on the histological image. It is critical to note that tumor clinical behavior, rather than its histology, might provide better therapy guidance and that clinical characteristics, in addition to grade and histology, should be accounted for in treatment planning.
Salivary gland cancers are uncommon in youngsters, although they are more likely to be malignant (30%) and are low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas.
The rule of the 80s is a useful rule to remember:
The parotid is home to eighty percent of all salivary lesions.
Eighty percent of parotid cancers are benign.
Eighty percent of benign cancers that form in the parotid are pleomorphic adenoma.
The second most frequent benign lesion is the Warthin’s tumor. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most frequent malignant tumor, followed by adenoid cystic carcinomas and acinic cell carcinomas.
It’s also crucial to know that a salivary gland is a common place for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck to metastasis. Salivary gland malignancies have been linked to several oncogenes. Bcl-2, P53, ras, and MDM2 mutations have been discovered in both malignant and benign tumors.
Etiology
There are two primary hypotheses about how salivary gland tumors develop; however, the multicellular theory, which states that each tumor type develops from a distinct differentiated cell of origin inside the salivary gland unit, is the more widely accepted.
Mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinomas are caused by excretory stem cells, whereas pleomorphic adenomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, oncocytomas, adenocarcinomas, and acinic cell carcinomas are caused by intercalated stem cells.
Radiation exposure has been linked to the development of parotid gland carcinomas 15 years later. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are linked to cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, and skin cancers in the head and neck have been found to spread to the parotid glands.
There have been some reports of a relationship between occupational exposure to silica dust and nitrosamines. It’s vital to highlight that, except for Warthin tumors, neither alcohol nor smoking is connected to salivary gland cancers.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
The prognosis of patients with salivary gland cancer is determined by the histological type and stage of the disease.
Salivary gland cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 72 percent.
Stage 1: 91 percent of people survive five years
Stage 2: 75 percent of people survive five years
Stage 3 or 4: The 5-year survival rate ranges between 39 and 65 percent.
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
Future Trends
Media Gallary
References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538340/
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Salivary gland tumors can be cancerous or benign, and cancerous lesions can be metastatic or primary. Many histological kinds of parotid tumors are possible; however, some are rare due to the non-epithelial and epithelial histology of the afflicted organ.
Salivary gland cancer has a wide range of histological looks and biological characteristics. It might be difficult to distinguish different tumor kinds, especially when using material from FNA (fine-needle aspiration). Salivary gland lesions have several distinct features that show them intriguing.
The pleomorphic adenoma, which is the most common benign tumor has the potential to become malignant, and although benign, it has a high rate of recurrence after therapy. It’s not surprising that salivary gland tumors are frequently employed in clinical findings, given various pathology, clinical symptoms, investigative challenges, and contested therapeutic alternatives.
Salivary gland neoplasms that are malignant usually appear after the sixth phase of lifespan, whereas benign lesions appear in the fourth to the fifth phase of life. Women are more likely to get benign lesions, although men and women are equally likely to develop malignant lesions. The parotid gland is home to the bulk of salivary gland cancers, with the submandibular gland accounting for roughly 10% and the tiny salivary glands accounting for less than 4%.
Many parotid gland lesions are benign, with pleomorphic adenoma most common. Lesions in the small salivary glands and the submandibular gland, on the other hand, are more prone to be cancerous. Salivary gland cancers have a variable mortality rate depending on their stage. The 5-year survival rate is over 70%.
Salivary glands are a usual site of benign disease, with malignant tumors being uncommon. In the United Kingdom, about 300 instances of primary parotid gland cancer are reported each year, with less than 10 cases occurring in children. Malignant lesions usually appear in patients in their sixties.
Globally, the incidence is calculated to be between 0.5 to 3.0 per 100,000 annually, accounting for about five percent of all head and neck cancers. The five-year survival rate for malignant salivary tumors varies depending on the phase of the disease; however, it has been estimated to be approximately seventy percent.
Over 40 variations of salivary gland tumors and tumor-like lesions are currently included in the World Health Organization histological classification of salivary gland cancers (e.g., cysts in the salivary gland).
The following is a basic classification:
Warthin tumor (adenolymphoma), Pleomorphic adenoma, myoepithelioma, oncocytoma, basal cell adenomas, and cystadenomas are examples of benign adenomas.
Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma is examples of hematolymphoid cancers.
Haemangioma, lymphangioma, and neurofibromas are non-epithelial tumors.
Carcinomas can also be labeled as high-grade, low-grade, or mixed, reflecting a varied behavior based on the histological image. It is critical to note that tumor clinical behavior, rather than its histology, might provide better therapy guidance and that clinical characteristics, in addition to grade and histology, should be accounted for in treatment planning.
Salivary gland cancers are uncommon in youngsters, although they are more likely to be malignant (30%) and are low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas.
The rule of the 80s is a useful rule to remember:
The parotid is home to eighty percent of all salivary lesions.
Eighty percent of parotid cancers are benign.
Eighty percent of benign cancers that form in the parotid are pleomorphic adenoma.
The second most frequent benign lesion is the Warthin’s tumor. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most frequent malignant tumor, followed by adenoid cystic carcinomas and acinic cell carcinomas.
It’s also crucial to know that a salivary gland is a common place for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck to metastasis. Salivary gland malignancies have been linked to several oncogenes. Bcl-2, P53, ras, and MDM2 mutations have been discovered in both malignant and benign tumors.
There are two primary hypotheses about how salivary gland tumors develop; however, the multicellular theory, which states that each tumor type develops from a distinct differentiated cell of origin inside the salivary gland unit, is the more widely accepted.
Mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinomas are caused by excretory stem cells, whereas pleomorphic adenomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, oncocytomas, adenocarcinomas, and acinic cell carcinomas are caused by intercalated stem cells.
Radiation exposure has been linked to the development of parotid gland carcinomas 15 years later. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are linked to cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, and skin cancers in the head and neck have been found to spread to the parotid glands.
There have been some reports of a relationship between occupational exposure to silica dust and nitrosamines. It’s vital to highlight that, except for Warthin tumors, neither alcohol nor smoking is connected to salivary gland cancers.
The prognosis of patients with salivary gland cancer is determined by the histological type and stage of the disease.
Salivary gland cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 72 percent.
Stage 1: 91 percent of people survive five years
Stage 2: 75 percent of people survive five years
Stage 3 or 4: The 5-year survival rate ranges between 39 and 65 percent.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538340/
medtigo
Parotid Gland Tumor
Updated :
June 16, 2022
Salivary gland tumors can be cancerous or benign, and cancerous lesions can be metastatic or primary. Many histological kinds of parotid tumors are possible; however, some are rare due to the non-epithelial and epithelial histology of the afflicted organ.
Salivary gland cancer has a wide range of histological looks and biological characteristics. It might be difficult to distinguish different tumor kinds, especially when using material from FNA (fine-needle aspiration). Salivary gland lesions have several distinct features that show them intriguing.
The pleomorphic adenoma, which is the most common benign tumor has the potential to become malignant, and although benign, it has a high rate of recurrence after therapy. It’s not surprising that salivary gland tumors are frequently employed in clinical findings, given various pathology, clinical symptoms, investigative challenges, and contested therapeutic alternatives.
Salivary gland neoplasms that are malignant usually appear after the sixth phase of lifespan, whereas benign lesions appear in the fourth to the fifth phase of life. Women are more likely to get benign lesions, although men and women are equally likely to develop malignant lesions. The parotid gland is home to the bulk of salivary gland cancers, with the submandibular gland accounting for roughly 10% and the tiny salivary glands accounting for less than 4%.
Many parotid gland lesions are benign, with pleomorphic adenoma most common. Lesions in the small salivary glands and the submandibular gland, on the other hand, are more prone to be cancerous. Salivary gland cancers have a variable mortality rate depending on their stage. The 5-year survival rate is over 70%.
Salivary glands are a usual site of benign disease, with malignant tumors being uncommon. In the United Kingdom, about 300 instances of primary parotid gland cancer are reported each year, with less than 10 cases occurring in children. Malignant lesions usually appear in patients in their sixties.
Globally, the incidence is calculated to be between 0.5 to 3.0 per 100,000 annually, accounting for about five percent of all head and neck cancers. The five-year survival rate for malignant salivary tumors varies depending on the phase of the disease; however, it has been estimated to be approximately seventy percent.
Over 40 variations of salivary gland tumors and tumor-like lesions are currently included in the World Health Organization histological classification of salivary gland cancers (e.g., cysts in the salivary gland).
The following is a basic classification:
Warthin tumor (adenolymphoma), Pleomorphic adenoma, myoepithelioma, oncocytoma, basal cell adenomas, and cystadenomas are examples of benign adenomas.
Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma is examples of hematolymphoid cancers.
Haemangioma, lymphangioma, and neurofibromas are non-epithelial tumors.
Carcinomas can also be labeled as high-grade, low-grade, or mixed, reflecting a varied behavior based on the histological image. It is critical to note that tumor clinical behavior, rather than its histology, might provide better therapy guidance and that clinical characteristics, in addition to grade and histology, should be accounted for in treatment planning.
Salivary gland cancers are uncommon in youngsters, although they are more likely to be malignant (30%) and are low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas.
The rule of the 80s is a useful rule to remember:
The parotid is home to eighty percent of all salivary lesions.
Eighty percent of parotid cancers are benign.
Eighty percent of benign cancers that form in the parotid are pleomorphic adenoma.
The second most frequent benign lesion is the Warthin’s tumor. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most frequent malignant tumor, followed by adenoid cystic carcinomas and acinic cell carcinomas.
It’s also crucial to know that a salivary gland is a common place for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck to metastasis. Salivary gland malignancies have been linked to several oncogenes. Bcl-2, P53, ras, and MDM2 mutations have been discovered in both malignant and benign tumors.
There are two primary hypotheses about how salivary gland tumors develop; however, the multicellular theory, which states that each tumor type develops from a distinct differentiated cell of origin inside the salivary gland unit, is the more widely accepted.
Mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinomas are caused by excretory stem cells, whereas pleomorphic adenomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, oncocytomas, adenocarcinomas, and acinic cell carcinomas are caused by intercalated stem cells.
Radiation exposure has been linked to the development of parotid gland carcinomas 15 years later. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are linked to cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, and skin cancers in the head and neck have been found to spread to the parotid glands.
There have been some reports of a relationship between occupational exposure to silica dust and nitrosamines. It’s vital to highlight that, except for Warthin tumors, neither alcohol nor smoking is connected to salivary gland cancers.
The prognosis of patients with salivary gland cancer is determined by the histological type and stage of the disease.
Salivary gland cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 72 percent.
Stage 1: 91 percent of people survive five years
Stage 2: 75 percent of people survive five years
Stage 3 or 4: The 5-year survival rate ranges between 39 and 65 percent.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538340/
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