Perennial Allergic Rhinitis

Updated: January 5, 2023

Background

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Pathophysiology

Etiology

Genetics

Prognostic Factors

Clinical History

Physical Examination

Age group

Associated comorbidity

Associated activity

Acuity of presentation

Differential Diagnoses

Laboratory Studies

Imaging Studies

Procedures

Histologic Findings

Staging

Treatment Paradigm

by Stage

by Modality

Chemotherapy

Radiation Therapy

Surgical Interventions

Hormone Therapy

Immunotherapy

Hyperthermia

Photodynamic Therapy

Stem Cell Transplant

Targeted Therapy

Palliative Care

Medication

azelastine

Astepro 0.15%-2 sprays in each nostril every 12 hours

ciclesonide intranasal

Omnaris: 2 sprays in every nostril each day; do not exceed 200 mcg/day
Zetonna: 1 spray in each nostril each day; not to exceed 74 mcg/day

Dose consideration:
Use the drug daily. The effectiveness of the dose depends on regular use.
The onset of the effect is seen 36 hours later the 1st dose

azelastine

<6 months: Safety and efficacy not established
Six months to <6 years: 1 spray in each nostril every 12 hours
6 to <12 years: 1 spray in each nostril every 12 hours
>12 years: 2 sprays in each nostril every day

ciclesonide intranasal

Omnaris-
<12 years: Safety and efficacy are not seen
>12 years: 2 sprays per nostril each day (200 mcg/day)
Zetonna-
<12 years: Safety and efficacy are not seen
>12 years: 1 spray per nostril each day (74 mcg/day)

Future Trends