The gram-negative, aerobic, nonspore-forming rod Pseudomonas aeruginosa can infect both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts.
As a result of its antibiotic resistance, ability to infect immunocompromised individuals, versatility, and its vast array of dynamic defenses make it one of the harder organisms to treat.
Epidemiology
This condition is common in patients with conditions which weaken their immunity, these conclude bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, neutropenia, AIDS, cancers, transplants, diabetes, and burns patients. Individuals in the ICU are also at high risk.
Patients who are using invasive devices such as endotracheal tubes and indwelling catheters are also in danger of infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s ability to create biofilms which are hard to detect.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits a wide range of virulence factors, and numerous mechanisms for antibiotic resistance, which collectively account for the vast spectrum of infections caused by it and the increasing difficulty associated with treating the antimicrobial resistance which results due to this condition.
Pseudomonas antibiotic resistance has been attributed to multiple mechanisms, such as efflux systems, antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, and intrinsic antibiotic resistance. Intrinsic antibiotic resistance is the inability to allow antimicrobials to pass through membranes. Efflux systems enable bacteria to expel hazardous or toxic substances from the cell membrane.
In addition, numerous isolates contain beta-lactamases and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. The capacity of Pseudomonas bacteria to build a biofilm is also an essential strategy for increasing antibiotic resistance and evading host defenses.
This is particularly significant for cystic fibrosis patients, the majority of which get the infection within the first year of life via the environment or through exposure in healthcare facilities.
Etiology
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely present in the environment, especially in freshwater. It can cause a variety of community-acquired illnesses, such as puncture wounds, and folliculitis which to otitis exeterna, pneumonia, and osteomyelitis.
It is a frequent opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of nosocomial infections, such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia, among others.
Potable water, faucets, sinks, toothbrushes, icemakers, respiratory treatment equipment, disinfectants, icemakers, endoscopes, and endoscope washers are examples of hospital reservoirs.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Some infections caused by this organism are self-limited, and many others might be challenging to treat but still present a good prognosis; e.g. pseudomonas osteomyelitis.
In burn infections, septic shocks, or pneumonia infections severe enough to require assisted ventilation, the prognosis is dependent on how severe the underlying disease is, as well as the number of antimicrobial agents which remain due to pseudomonal activity.
For life-threatening infection: 5g every 8hr. Higher doses should be infused over 20 to 30 minutes.
The dose can be modified as per symptoms and intensity of infection.
The gram-negative, aerobic, nonspore-forming rod Pseudomonas aeruginosa can infect both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts.
As a result of its antibiotic resistance, ability to infect immunocompromised individuals, versatility, and its vast array of dynamic defenses make it one of the harder organisms to treat.
This condition is common in patients with conditions which weaken their immunity, these conclude bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, neutropenia, AIDS, cancers, transplants, diabetes, and burns patients. Individuals in the ICU are also at high risk.
Patients who are using invasive devices such as endotracheal tubes and indwelling catheters are also in danger of infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s ability to create biofilms which are hard to detect.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits a wide range of virulence factors, and numerous mechanisms for antibiotic resistance, which collectively account for the vast spectrum of infections caused by it and the increasing difficulty associated with treating the antimicrobial resistance which results due to this condition.
Pseudomonas antibiotic resistance has been attributed to multiple mechanisms, such as efflux systems, antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, and intrinsic antibiotic resistance. Intrinsic antibiotic resistance is the inability to allow antimicrobials to pass through membranes. Efflux systems enable bacteria to expel hazardous or toxic substances from the cell membrane.
In addition, numerous isolates contain beta-lactamases and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. The capacity of Pseudomonas bacteria to build a biofilm is also an essential strategy for increasing antibiotic resistance and evading host defenses.
This is particularly significant for cystic fibrosis patients, the majority of which get the infection within the first year of life via the environment or through exposure in healthcare facilities.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely present in the environment, especially in freshwater. It can cause a variety of community-acquired illnesses, such as puncture wounds, and folliculitis which to otitis exeterna, pneumonia, and osteomyelitis.
It is a frequent opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of nosocomial infections, such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia, among others.
Potable water, faucets, sinks, toothbrushes, icemakers, respiratory treatment equipment, disinfectants, icemakers, endoscopes, and endoscope washers are examples of hospital reservoirs.
Some infections caused by this organism are self-limited, and many others might be challenging to treat but still present a good prognosis; e.g. pseudomonas osteomyelitis.
In burn infections, septic shocks, or pneumonia infections severe enough to require assisted ventilation, the prognosis is dependent on how severe the underlying disease is, as well as the number of antimicrobial agents which remain due to pseudomonal activity.
For life-threatening infection: 5g every 8hr. Higher doses should be infused over 20 to 30 minutes.
The dose can be modified as per symptoms and intensity of infection.
(do not exceed more than 2g/dose)
For 7 days to 1yr: 50mg/kg three times a day
For neonates <7 days: 50mg/kg twice a day
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557831/
medtigo
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections
Updated :
August 8, 2022
The gram-negative, aerobic, nonspore-forming rod Pseudomonas aeruginosa can infect both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts.
As a result of its antibiotic resistance, ability to infect immunocompromised individuals, versatility, and its vast array of dynamic defenses make it one of the harder organisms to treat.
This condition is common in patients with conditions which weaken their immunity, these conclude bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, neutropenia, AIDS, cancers, transplants, diabetes, and burns patients. Individuals in the ICU are also at high risk.
Patients who are using invasive devices such as endotracheal tubes and indwelling catheters are also in danger of infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s ability to create biofilms which are hard to detect.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits a wide range of virulence factors, and numerous mechanisms for antibiotic resistance, which collectively account for the vast spectrum of infections caused by it and the increasing difficulty associated with treating the antimicrobial resistance which results due to this condition.
Pseudomonas antibiotic resistance has been attributed to multiple mechanisms, such as efflux systems, antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, and intrinsic antibiotic resistance. Intrinsic antibiotic resistance is the inability to allow antimicrobials to pass through membranes. Efflux systems enable bacteria to expel hazardous or toxic substances from the cell membrane.
In addition, numerous isolates contain beta-lactamases and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. The capacity of Pseudomonas bacteria to build a biofilm is also an essential strategy for increasing antibiotic resistance and evading host defenses.
This is particularly significant for cystic fibrosis patients, the majority of which get the infection within the first year of life via the environment or through exposure in healthcare facilities.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely present in the environment, especially in freshwater. It can cause a variety of community-acquired illnesses, such as puncture wounds, and folliculitis which to otitis exeterna, pneumonia, and osteomyelitis.
It is a frequent opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of nosocomial infections, such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia, among others.
Potable water, faucets, sinks, toothbrushes, icemakers, respiratory treatment equipment, disinfectants, icemakers, endoscopes, and endoscope washers are examples of hospital reservoirs.
Some infections caused by this organism are self-limited, and many others might be challenging to treat but still present a good prognosis; e.g. pseudomonas osteomyelitis.
In burn infections, septic shocks, or pneumonia infections severe enough to require assisted ventilation, the prognosis is dependent on how severe the underlying disease is, as well as the number of antimicrobial agents which remain due to pseudomonal activity.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557831/
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