Shigellosis is a type of bacterial diarrhea caused by Shigella species, which are gram-negative bacteria. It is frequent in underdeveloped nations and is caused by contaminated food, inadequate sanitation, or direct person-to-person contact. Shigella can infect people of all ages.
Children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised are all high-risk groups. Shigella species are relatively resistant to stomach acid, and just a few organisms are necessary to produce the sickness.
Epidemiology
Shigellosis is claimed to affect 188 million people each year, with around one million deaths from the disease. In developed countries, the annual incidence is roughly 1.5 million cases. It causes approximately 450,000 cases per year in the United States. S. sonnei is responsible for most cases recorded in the United States. S. flexneri is the serotype most responsible for illness in underdeveloped nations.
It is more prevalent in young children, with the majority of cases documented in children under the age of four and 25 cases/100,000 in children aged four to eleven. Shigella is the most prevalent cause of diarrhea in children under five in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Shigellosis does not have a gender or racial predisposition.
In daycare facilities and residential institutions in the US, shigellosis is common. Additionally, there have been reports of foodborne transmission in the US. Shigellosis outbreaks have also happened in men engaged in intercourse with men.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Shigellosis is mainly transmitted through the fecal-oral route in developed nations and the fecal-oral route, food-borne or water-borne, in developing nations. It can, however, be sexually transmitted. Due to the organism’s less sensitivity to stomach acid and downregulation of antibacterial proteins in the host, the number of organisms necessary to produce the sickness is usually between 10 and 200. Shigella penetrates the small intestine and multiplies before entering the large intestine.
Shigella causes cell damage and problems by direct invasion of the colonic mucosa and the generation of enterotoxins. It enters through transcytosis and travels through the basolateral epithelium of the large intestine using M cells, primarily in charge of immunological activation of intestinal lymphoid tissue through antigen recognition. It causes macrophages and cellular death after transcytosis. Inflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and IL-18 are released, causing intestinal inflammation and triggering the innate immune system.
Following cell death and inflammation, Shigella is expelled from the macrophages. It uses the intercellular actin polymerization method to continue invading the immune system and epithelium. As Shigella infiltrates the epithelial cells, it stimulates the cells’ nuclear factor, producing IL-8 that encourages neutrophil recruitment at the site and increases inflammation and epithelial damage. It results in diarrhea by impairing food absorption.
Etiology
Shigella is the cause of the food- or water-borne illness shigellosis. Shigella is a gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic rod. It has four serotypes:
While Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae produce dysentery with bloody diarrhea, Shigella sonnei causes a mild illness that may only result in watery diarrhea.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Shigellosis patients have a fair prognosis and recover without complications if they are promptly diagnosed and treated. A delay in treatment, immunocompromised status, prolonged hospitalization, and extremes of age, such as the old and the very young, might result in severe illness and consequences.
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
Future Trends
Media Gallary
References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/
News
Female Surgeons in NHS Face Rampant Sexual Harassment
Posted on
News
Gene Therapy Promises Restoration of Motor Function
Posted on
News
Ultra-Processed Foods Linked to Elevated Depression Risk in Women
Posted on
News
Research Reveals How Language Shapes Social Memory in the Brain
Shigellosis is a type of bacterial diarrhea caused by Shigella species, which are gram-negative bacteria. It is frequent in underdeveloped nations and is caused by contaminated food, inadequate sanitation, or direct person-to-person contact. Shigella can infect people of all ages.
Children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised are all high-risk groups. Shigella species are relatively resistant to stomach acid, and just a few organisms are necessary to produce the sickness.
Shigellosis is claimed to affect 188 million people each year, with around one million deaths from the disease. In developed countries, the annual incidence is roughly 1.5 million cases. It causes approximately 450,000 cases per year in the United States. S. sonnei is responsible for most cases recorded in the United States. S. flexneri is the serotype most responsible for illness in underdeveloped nations.
It is more prevalent in young children, with the majority of cases documented in children under the age of four and 25 cases/100,000 in children aged four to eleven. Shigella is the most prevalent cause of diarrhea in children under five in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Shigellosis does not have a gender or racial predisposition.
In daycare facilities and residential institutions in the US, shigellosis is common. Additionally, there have been reports of foodborne transmission in the US. Shigellosis outbreaks have also happened in men engaged in intercourse with men.
Shigellosis is mainly transmitted through the fecal-oral route in developed nations and the fecal-oral route, food-borne or water-borne, in developing nations. It can, however, be sexually transmitted. Due to the organism’s less sensitivity to stomach acid and downregulation of antibacterial proteins in the host, the number of organisms necessary to produce the sickness is usually between 10 and 200. Shigella penetrates the small intestine and multiplies before entering the large intestine.
Shigella causes cell damage and problems by direct invasion of the colonic mucosa and the generation of enterotoxins. It enters through transcytosis and travels through the basolateral epithelium of the large intestine using M cells, primarily in charge of immunological activation of intestinal lymphoid tissue through antigen recognition. It causes macrophages and cellular death after transcytosis. Inflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and IL-18 are released, causing intestinal inflammation and triggering the innate immune system.
Following cell death and inflammation, Shigella is expelled from the macrophages. It uses the intercellular actin polymerization method to continue invading the immune system and epithelium. As Shigella infiltrates the epithelial cells, it stimulates the cells’ nuclear factor, producing IL-8 that encourages neutrophil recruitment at the site and increases inflammation and epithelial damage. It results in diarrhea by impairing food absorption.
Shigella is the cause of the food- or water-borne illness shigellosis. Shigella is a gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic rod. It has four serotypes:
While Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae produce dysentery with bloody diarrhea, Shigella sonnei causes a mild illness that may only result in watery diarrhea.
Shigellosis patients have a fair prognosis and recover without complications if they are promptly diagnosed and treated. A delay in treatment, immunocompromised status, prolonged hospitalization, and extremes of age, such as the old and the very young, might result in severe illness and consequences.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/
medtigo
Shigellosis
Updated :
November 18, 2022
Shigellosis is a type of bacterial diarrhea caused by Shigella species, which are gram-negative bacteria. It is frequent in underdeveloped nations and is caused by contaminated food, inadequate sanitation, or direct person-to-person contact. Shigella can infect people of all ages.
Children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised are all high-risk groups. Shigella species are relatively resistant to stomach acid, and just a few organisms are necessary to produce the sickness.
Shigellosis is claimed to affect 188 million people each year, with around one million deaths from the disease. In developed countries, the annual incidence is roughly 1.5 million cases. It causes approximately 450,000 cases per year in the United States. S. sonnei is responsible for most cases recorded in the United States. S. flexneri is the serotype most responsible for illness in underdeveloped nations.
It is more prevalent in young children, with the majority of cases documented in children under the age of four and 25 cases/100,000 in children aged four to eleven. Shigella is the most prevalent cause of diarrhea in children under five in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Shigellosis does not have a gender or racial predisposition.
In daycare facilities and residential institutions in the US, shigellosis is common. Additionally, there have been reports of foodborne transmission in the US. Shigellosis outbreaks have also happened in men engaged in intercourse with men.
Shigellosis is mainly transmitted through the fecal-oral route in developed nations and the fecal-oral route, food-borne or water-borne, in developing nations. It can, however, be sexually transmitted. Due to the organism’s less sensitivity to stomach acid and downregulation of antibacterial proteins in the host, the number of organisms necessary to produce the sickness is usually between 10 and 200. Shigella penetrates the small intestine and multiplies before entering the large intestine.
Shigella causes cell damage and problems by direct invasion of the colonic mucosa and the generation of enterotoxins. It enters through transcytosis and travels through the basolateral epithelium of the large intestine using M cells, primarily in charge of immunological activation of intestinal lymphoid tissue through antigen recognition. It causes macrophages and cellular death after transcytosis. Inflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and IL-18 are released, causing intestinal inflammation and triggering the innate immune system.
Following cell death and inflammation, Shigella is expelled from the macrophages. It uses the intercellular actin polymerization method to continue invading the immune system and epithelium. As Shigella infiltrates the epithelial cells, it stimulates the cells’ nuclear factor, producing IL-8 that encourages neutrophil recruitment at the site and increases inflammation and epithelial damage. It results in diarrhea by impairing food absorption.
Shigella is the cause of the food- or water-borne illness shigellosis. Shigella is a gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic rod. It has four serotypes:
While Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae produce dysentery with bloody diarrhea, Shigella sonnei causes a mild illness that may only result in watery diarrhea.
Shigellosis patients have a fair prognosis and recover without complications if they are promptly diagnosed and treated. A delay in treatment, immunocompromised status, prolonged hospitalization, and extremes of age, such as the old and the very young, might result in severe illness and consequences.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482337/
Free CME credits
Both our subscription plans include Free CME/CPD AMA PRA Category 1 credits.
Digital Certificate PDF
On course completion, you will receive a full-sized presentation quality digital certificate.
medtigo Simulation
A dynamic medical simulation platform designed to train healthcare professionals and students to effectively run code situations through an immersive hands-on experience in a live, interactive 3D environment.
medtigo Points
medtigo points is our unique point redemption system created to award users for interacting on our site. These points can be redeemed for special discounts on the medtigo marketplace as well as towards the membership cost itself.
Community Forum post/reply = 5 points
*Redemption of points can occur only through the medtigo marketplace, courses, or simulation system. Money will not be credited to your bank account. 10 points = $1.
All Your Certificates in One Place
When you have your licenses, certificates and CMEs in one place, it's easier to track your career growth. You can easily share these with hospitals as well, using your medtigo app.
