The negative bacteria bacillus-shaped bacteria Yersinia enterocolitica is responsible for the zoonotic illness yersiniosis. Acute diarrhea, pseudoappendicitis, mesenteric adenitis, and terminal ileitis are symptoms of the infection. Rarely, it may even result in sepsis.
Salmonella and shigella species are no longer the most frequent causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in several nations; instead, yersinia illnesses have taken their place. Major outbreaks are uncommon, even if the majority of infections are sporadic. After consuming infected food and receiving blood products, humans can contract yersinia.
The main characteristic of yersinia is that the person will be continuing to expel the bacterium in feces for about 3 months after signs have faded. For this reason, it’s crucial to look for yersinia in feces.
Epidemiology
Pigs are the most frequent source of Y. enterocolitica, which has been identified from a range of other animals as well. In a herd of pigs, the infection can be transmitted from 1 pig to the other. The insect can contaminate hog products like tonsils, tongue, and neck trims, and it can transfer to certain other pork parts during the slaughter process.
Yersinia is categorized based on its serotype and phenotype. These bugs can be classified phenotypically into Six groups, of which 5 (1B & 2–5) are pathogens. This pathogen is divided even further into 57 O serotypes depending on serotyping. Only a small number of them, though, are pathogenic.
Group 4 (O:3), O:5,27 (groups 2 & 3), group 1B (O:8), and Group 2 (O:9) are the pathogenic serogroups. O:3 and O:9 are the most often isolated serogroups from individuals in European nations. The serotype O:8 is more frequent in the US.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Most often, an infection spreads via the oral-fecal pathway. Consuming pork, especially raw or undercooked pork foods, is what causes yersiniosis. Additionally, outbreaks caused by this bacterium in contaminated water supplies have been observed in New Zealand and Norway. There really are reported cases of infections spreading through transfused blood products and from a domestic pet that is affected.
The pathogen travels through the intestinal wall and enters the stomach before settling in lymphatic tissue & mesenteric lymphatic system. Yersinia pestis, enterocolitica, & pseudotuberculosis are pathogen genera that carry the bacteria’s 70-kilodalton virulence plasmid, or pYV. In order to protect themselves from either the severe acidic microenvironment in the stomach, the bacteria also create ureases, which degrade urea and produce ammonia.
Additionally, the bacteria generate YadA, which inhibits phagocytosis and provides resistance to replicate opsonization, and Ail (attached invasion foci). The bacterium also contains Yops (Yersinia outer sheath proteins), which stop the release of mediators like TNF-alpha & IL-8 to stop phagocytosis. Some species cause yersiniabactin, an iron-attached substance that can successfully attach iron when it is low.
The germs can survive and develop even more as a result. Responsive arthritis is thought to be caused by an immune reaction that is predominantly triggered by Yersinia allergens and inter-reacts with donor antigens. Responsive arthritis may be more likely to affect the host if they have HLA-B27 positive. Erythema nodosum is the additional frequent post-infection sequela.
Yersinia can infect epithelial and break through the mucosa, colonizing lymphoid tissue, as a result, Peyer patches. The organism can transmit to additional organs from this point. The fact that yersinia may not chelate iron, a crucial development component, is one of its distinctive characteristics. To chelate iron, Yersinia uses siderophores made by other species. It is well known that Yersinia enterocolitis can become more severe with hemochromatosis.
Etiology
Three of the eleven species of the Yersinia genus are particularly well known for their ability to spread diseases to humans: Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yersinia enterocolitica.
Yersinioses are a zoonotic disease that affects humans as incidental carriers that do not benefit the pathogen’s life cycle. The six biotypes of Yersinia are categorized according to their biochemical characteristics, and sub-species 2, 3, and 4 are the most prevalent in humans.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Yersiniosis typically has a positive prognosis. About 1.2percent (eighteen deaths out of 1373 cases) were confirmed with Yersiniosis, according to an American study. Only two deaths out of 458 patients with yersiniosis were documented in a different Norwegian investigation.
Nevertheless, yersinia does cause further morbidity, such as:
Pharyngitis
Pseudoappendicitis
Glomerulonephritis
Dermatitis
Erythema nodosum
Myocarditis
The chance of chronic infections is increased by conditions that result in hemolysis and the released iron. Deferoxamine use also increases the likelihood of Yersinia enterocolitis.
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
Future Trends
Media Gallary
References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499837/
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The negative bacteria bacillus-shaped bacteria Yersinia enterocolitica is responsible for the zoonotic illness yersiniosis. Acute diarrhea, pseudoappendicitis, mesenteric adenitis, and terminal ileitis are symptoms of the infection. Rarely, it may even result in sepsis.
Salmonella and shigella species are no longer the most frequent causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in several nations; instead, yersinia illnesses have taken their place. Major outbreaks are uncommon, even if the majority of infections are sporadic. After consuming infected food and receiving blood products, humans can contract yersinia.
The main characteristic of yersinia is that the person will be continuing to expel the bacterium in feces for about 3 months after signs have faded. For this reason, it’s crucial to look for yersinia in feces.
Pigs are the most frequent source of Y. enterocolitica, which has been identified from a range of other animals as well. In a herd of pigs, the infection can be transmitted from 1 pig to the other. The insect can contaminate hog products like tonsils, tongue, and neck trims, and it can transfer to certain other pork parts during the slaughter process.
Yersinia is categorized based on its serotype and phenotype. These bugs can be classified phenotypically into Six groups, of which 5 (1B & 2–5) are pathogens. This pathogen is divided even further into 57 O serotypes depending on serotyping. Only a small number of them, though, are pathogenic.
Group 4 (O:3), O:5,27 (groups 2 & 3), group 1B (O:8), and Group 2 (O:9) are the pathogenic serogroups. O:3 and O:9 are the most often isolated serogroups from individuals in European nations. The serotype O:8 is more frequent in the US.
Most often, an infection spreads via the oral-fecal pathway. Consuming pork, especially raw or undercooked pork foods, is what causes yersiniosis. Additionally, outbreaks caused by this bacterium in contaminated water supplies have been observed in New Zealand and Norway. There really are reported cases of infections spreading through transfused blood products and from a domestic pet that is affected.
The pathogen travels through the intestinal wall and enters the stomach before settling in lymphatic tissue & mesenteric lymphatic system. Yersinia pestis, enterocolitica, & pseudotuberculosis are pathogen genera that carry the bacteria’s 70-kilodalton virulence plasmid, or pYV. In order to protect themselves from either the severe acidic microenvironment in the stomach, the bacteria also create ureases, which degrade urea and produce ammonia.
Additionally, the bacteria generate YadA, which inhibits phagocytosis and provides resistance to replicate opsonization, and Ail (attached invasion foci). The bacterium also contains Yops (Yersinia outer sheath proteins), which stop the release of mediators like TNF-alpha & IL-8 to stop phagocytosis. Some species cause yersiniabactin, an iron-attached substance that can successfully attach iron when it is low.
The germs can survive and develop even more as a result. Responsive arthritis is thought to be caused by an immune reaction that is predominantly triggered by Yersinia allergens and inter-reacts with donor antigens. Responsive arthritis may be more likely to affect the host if they have HLA-B27 positive. Erythema nodosum is the additional frequent post-infection sequela.
Yersinia can infect epithelial and break through the mucosa, colonizing lymphoid tissue, as a result, Peyer patches. The organism can transmit to additional organs from this point. The fact that yersinia may not chelate iron, a crucial development component, is one of its distinctive characteristics. To chelate iron, Yersinia uses siderophores made by other species. It is well known that Yersinia enterocolitis can become more severe with hemochromatosis.
Three of the eleven species of the Yersinia genus are particularly well known for their ability to spread diseases to humans: Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yersinia enterocolitica.
Yersinioses are a zoonotic disease that affects humans as incidental carriers that do not benefit the pathogen’s life cycle. The six biotypes of Yersinia are categorized according to their biochemical characteristics, and sub-species 2, 3, and 4 are the most prevalent in humans.
Yersiniosis typically has a positive prognosis. About 1.2percent (eighteen deaths out of 1373 cases) were confirmed with Yersiniosis, according to an American study. Only two deaths out of 458 patients with yersiniosis were documented in a different Norwegian investigation.
Nevertheless, yersinia does cause further morbidity, such as:
Pharyngitis
Pseudoappendicitis
Glomerulonephritis
Dermatitis
Erythema nodosum
Myocarditis
The chance of chronic infections is increased by conditions that result in hemolysis and the released iron. Deferoxamine use also increases the likelihood of Yersinia enterocolitis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499837/
medtigo
Yersinia Enterocolitica
Updated :
August 24, 2023
The negative bacteria bacillus-shaped bacteria Yersinia enterocolitica is responsible for the zoonotic illness yersiniosis. Acute diarrhea, pseudoappendicitis, mesenteric adenitis, and terminal ileitis are symptoms of the infection. Rarely, it may even result in sepsis.
Salmonella and shigella species are no longer the most frequent causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in several nations; instead, yersinia illnesses have taken their place. Major outbreaks are uncommon, even if the majority of infections are sporadic. After consuming infected food and receiving blood products, humans can contract yersinia.
The main characteristic of yersinia is that the person will be continuing to expel the bacterium in feces for about 3 months after signs have faded. For this reason, it’s crucial to look for yersinia in feces.
Pigs are the most frequent source of Y. enterocolitica, which has been identified from a range of other animals as well. In a herd of pigs, the infection can be transmitted from 1 pig to the other. The insect can contaminate hog products like tonsils, tongue, and neck trims, and it can transfer to certain other pork parts during the slaughter process.
Yersinia is categorized based on its serotype and phenotype. These bugs can be classified phenotypically into Six groups, of which 5 (1B & 2–5) are pathogens. This pathogen is divided even further into 57 O serotypes depending on serotyping. Only a small number of them, though, are pathogenic.
Group 4 (O:3), O:5,27 (groups 2 & 3), group 1B (O:8), and Group 2 (O:9) are the pathogenic serogroups. O:3 and O:9 are the most often isolated serogroups from individuals in European nations. The serotype O:8 is more frequent in the US.
Most often, an infection spreads via the oral-fecal pathway. Consuming pork, especially raw or undercooked pork foods, is what causes yersiniosis. Additionally, outbreaks caused by this bacterium in contaminated water supplies have been observed in New Zealand and Norway. There really are reported cases of infections spreading through transfused blood products and from a domestic pet that is affected.
The pathogen travels through the intestinal wall and enters the stomach before settling in lymphatic tissue & mesenteric lymphatic system. Yersinia pestis, enterocolitica, & pseudotuberculosis are pathogen genera that carry the bacteria’s 70-kilodalton virulence plasmid, or pYV. In order to protect themselves from either the severe acidic microenvironment in the stomach, the bacteria also create ureases, which degrade urea and produce ammonia.
Additionally, the bacteria generate YadA, which inhibits phagocytosis and provides resistance to replicate opsonization, and Ail (attached invasion foci). The bacterium also contains Yops (Yersinia outer sheath proteins), which stop the release of mediators like TNF-alpha & IL-8 to stop phagocytosis. Some species cause yersiniabactin, an iron-attached substance that can successfully attach iron when it is low.
The germs can survive and develop even more as a result. Responsive arthritis is thought to be caused by an immune reaction that is predominantly triggered by Yersinia allergens and inter-reacts with donor antigens. Responsive arthritis may be more likely to affect the host if they have HLA-B27 positive. Erythema nodosum is the additional frequent post-infection sequela.
Yersinia can infect epithelial and break through the mucosa, colonizing lymphoid tissue, as a result, Peyer patches. The organism can transmit to additional organs from this point. The fact that yersinia may not chelate iron, a crucial development component, is one of its distinctive characteristics. To chelate iron, Yersinia uses siderophores made by other species. It is well known that Yersinia enterocolitis can become more severe with hemochromatosis.
Three of the eleven species of the Yersinia genus are particularly well known for their ability to spread diseases to humans: Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yersinia enterocolitica.
Yersinioses are a zoonotic disease that affects humans as incidental carriers that do not benefit the pathogen’s life cycle. The six biotypes of Yersinia are categorized according to their biochemical characteristics, and sub-species 2, 3, and 4 are the most prevalent in humans.
Yersiniosis typically has a positive prognosis. About 1.2percent (eighteen deaths out of 1373 cases) were confirmed with Yersiniosis, according to an American study. Only two deaths out of 458 patients with yersiniosis were documented in a different Norwegian investigation.
Nevertheless, yersinia does cause further morbidity, such as:
Pharyngitis
Pseudoappendicitis
Glomerulonephritis
Dermatitis
Erythema nodosum
Myocarditis
The chance of chronic infections is increased by conditions that result in hemolysis and the released iron. Deferoxamine use also increases the likelihood of Yersinia enterocolitis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499837/
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