alpha hydroxy acids, topical

Action and Spectrum

Actions and Spectrum:  

Action: 

alpha hydroxy acids topical work by exfoliating the outermost layer of the skin, helping to remove dead skin cells and promoting cell turnover. They also help to stimulate the production of collagen and elastin, two proteins that are essential for healthy, youthful-looking skin. Additionally, AHAs can help to improve the absorption of other skincare products by removing the barrier of dead skin cells that can prevent these products from penetrating the skin. 

Spectrum: 

The spectrum of action of alpha hydroxy acids includes: 

Exfoliation: alpha hydroxy acids topical work by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, helping to remove the outermost layer of the skin and reveal fresher, brighter skin underneath. 

Collagen production: alpha hydroxy acids topical can help to stimulate the production of collagen, a protein that gives the skin its structure and elasticity.  

Hydration: alpha hydroxy acids topical can help to improve the skin’s ability to retain moisture, which can help to improve the overall appearance and texture of the skin.  

Hyperpigmentation: alpha hydroxy acids topical can help to reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation, such as age spots and sun damage.  

Fine lines and wrinkles: alpha hydroxy acids topical can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by promoting cell turnover and stimulating collagen production. 

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Frequency not defined 

Scaling 

Erythema 

Dryness 

Black Box Warning

Black Box Warning:  

This product contains alpha hydroxy acids (AHA) which may increase skin sensitivity to the sun and particularly the possibility of sunburn. Avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes. If there is any contact, make sure to wash the affected area thoroughly with water.

If any irritation arises, stop using the product and seek advice from a healthcare professional. It is important to keep the product away from children and only use it externally. 

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindication/Caution:   

Hypersensitivity or allergy to alpha hydroxy acids: People who have had an allergic reaction to alpha hydroxy acids in the past should avoid using products that contain these compounds. 

Active skin infections or open wounds: alpha hydroxy acids can irritate and further damage inflamed or infected skin. Therefore, it is not recommended to use AHAs on skin that is actively infected or has open wounds.  

Recent chemical peels or other skin resurfacing treatments: alpha hydroxy acids can be too harsh for skin that has recently undergone a chemical peel, laser treatment, or other skin resurfacing procedures.   

Sunburn or excessive sun exposure: alpha hydroxy acids can increase sensitivity to the sun, and using them on sunburned or excessively sun-exposed skin can lead to further damage.  

Pregnancy or breastfeeding: There is limited research on the safety of alpha hydroxy acids during pregnancy and breastfeeding, so it is generally advised to avoid using these products during these times.  

Certain medications: When using skincare products that contain alpha hydroxy acids, it’s crucial to consider possible interactions with other medications such as retinoids and acne treatments. These interactions may heighten the chances of adverse effects or skin irritation. Therefore, consulting with a healthcare professional before using any new skincare product is always recommended, particularly if you’re currently taking any medication. 

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy warnings:     

Pregnancy category: N/A 

Lactation: Excreted into human milk is unknown 

Pregnancy Categories:         

Category A: Studies that were well-controlled and met expectations revealed no risk to the fetus in the first or second trimester. 

Category B: There were a lack of studies on pregnant women and no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal experiments.   

Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.    

Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.   

Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.    

Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category

Pharmacology

Pharmacology:  

alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) are a group of water-soluble organic acids that have been used in skincare for their exfoliating and anti-aging properties. 

Pharmacodynamics: 

The pharmacodynamics mechanism of alpha hydroxy acids involves their ability to exfoliate, stimulate collagen and elastin production, increase hydration, and improve the effectiveness of other skincare ingredients. 

MOA:  

The mechanism of action of alpha hydroxy acids can be explained in three steps: 

Penetration: alpha hydroxy acids penetrate the outer layer of the skin, called the stratum corneum, by weakening the bonds between dead skin cells. This allows the alpha hydroxy acids to enter the deeper layers of the skin, where they can promote cellular renewal and collagen synthesis.  

Exfoliation: Once inside the skin, alpha hydroxy acids act as chemical exfoliants, breaking down the bonds between skin cells and dissolving the intercellular glue that holds them together. This results in the sloughing off of dead skin cells, revealing fresh, new skin underneath.  

Stimulation: As alpha hydroxy acids penetrate deeper into the skin, they stimulate the production of new collagen and elastin fibers. Collagen is a protein that gives skin its firmness, while elastin provides elasticity. By promoting the production of these proteins, alpha hydroxy acids can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin texture and tone, and reduce the signs of aging.  

Pharmacokinetics: 

Absorption:  

Alpha hydroxy acids are absorbed through the skin when applied topically. The extent of absorption depends on various factors, including the concentration of the AHA, the pH of the product, the skin’s integrity, and the duration of application. 

Distribution:  

Once absorbed, alpha hydroxy acids are distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream. However, the amount that is systemically absorbed is generally very low due to their high molecular weight and low concentration in topical products.  

Metabolism:  

Alpha hydroxy acids are metabolized primarily in the liver through enzymatic hydrolysis to produce metabolites that are eliminated from the body via urine and feces.  

Elimination and excretion: 

 The elimination half-life of alpha hydroxy acids is relatively short, and they are rapidly cleared from the body after topical application. The primary route of elimination is through the urine and feces. 

Adminstartion

Administration:  

When administering alpha hydroxy acids topically, it is important to follow these guidelines: 

Start with a low concentration: alpha hydroxy acids are available in different concentrations, ranging from 5% to 30%. It is best to start with a low concentration and gradually work your way up to higher concentrations as your skin becomes accustomed to the product.  

Patch test: Before applying the alpha hydroxy acids product all over your face, it is important to patch test it on a small area of your skin to check for any allergic reactions or irritation.  

Apply to clean, dry skin: alpha hydroxy acid should be applied to clean, dry skin.   

Apply a thin layer: apply a thin layer of the AHA product to your skin, taking care to avoid the eye area and any open wounds or broken skin.  

Use sunscreen: alpha hydroxy acids can make your skin more sensitive to the sun, so it is important to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30 during the day.  

Follow instructions: Follow the instructions on the product label carefully, including the recommended frequency of use and any precautions or warnings.  

Be patient: It may take several weeks of consistent use to see the full benefits of AHAs, so be patient and stick with it.  

Discontinue use if necessary: If you experience any severe irritation, redness, or other adverse reactions, stop using the product and consult a dermatologist. 

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: alpha hydroxy acids topical 

Why do we use alpha hydroxy acids topical?   

alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) are a group of water-soluble organic acids that are commonly used in topical skin care products. They are derived from natural sources, such as fruits, milk, and sugar cane. 

alpha hydroxy acids are primarily used to exfoliate the skin by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, allowing them to be sloughed off more easily. This exfoliation process helps to improve the texture and tone of the skin, making it smoother and more radiant. 

In addition to their exfoliating properties, alpha hydroxy acids also have several other benefits for the skin. They can stimulate collagen production, which can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. They can also improve skin hydration, as they have a water-binding capacity that helps to keep the skin moisturized.