feprazone

Action and Spectrum

Actions and spectrum: 

feprazone is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used in relieving pain and reduce inflammation in various conditions, such as arthritis, musculoskeletal disorders, and postoperative pain.

feprazone works by inhibiting prostaglandins production, which are substances in body that contributes to pain and inflammation. Its spectrum of action is primarily related to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. 

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Frequency not defined 

hypersensitivity reactions 

tinnitus 

haematuria 

fluid retention 

GI disturbances 

CNS effects 

photosensitivity 

blood disorders 

hypertension 

Black Box Warning

Black Box Warning: 

There were no specific black box warnings associated with feprazone. 

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindication/Caution: 

Contraindication: 

• Hypersensitivity: Individuals who have had a hypersensitivity reaction (allergic reaction) to feprazone or other NSAIDs should avoid its use. 
• Active Peptic Ulcer Disease: feprazone can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and may worsen peptic ulcers. It is contraindicated in individuals with active peptic ulcers. 
• Severe Kidney Impairment: feprazone is eliminated from the body through the kidneys. In cases of severe kidney impairment or renal failure, feprazone may not be recommended due to the risk of drug accumulation. 
• Severe Liver Impairment: Individuals with severe liver impairment should use feprazone with caution or avoid it altogether, as it can affect liver function. 
• History of Bleeding Disorders: feprazone can inhibit platelet function, which may increase the risk of bleeding. Individuals with a history of bleeding disorders should use feprazone with caution.

Caution: 

• Asthma: NSAIDs, including feprazone, can exacerbate asthma symptoms in some people. Caution should be exercised in individuals with asthma, and if breathing difficulties occur, medical attention should be sought immediately. 
• Bleeding Disorders: feprazone can inhibit platelet function and increase the risk of bleeding. It should be used cautiously in individuals with a history of bleeding disorders. 
• Elderly Population: Older adults may be more susceptible to the side effects of feprazone, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney problems. Lower dosages or alternative treatments may be considered. 
• Pregnancy: feprazone is not recommended during the third trimester of pregnancy due to potential risks to the fetus. It should be used with caution in the first and second trimesters under the guidance of a healthcare provider. 
• Breastfeeding: feprazone may pass into breast milk, and its use during breastfeeding is discouraged. Consult with a healthcare provider for safer alternatives if breastfeeding.

Comorbidities: 

• Cardiovascular Disease: feprazone and other NSAIDs have an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. Individuals with pre-existing heart disease or risk factors for heart disease, such as hypertension or high cholesterol, should use feprazone cautiously and under medical supervision. 
• Gastrointestinal Conditions: feprazone can irritate the gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to gastrointestinal ulcers, bleeding, or perforation. People with a history of gastrointestinal disorders like ulcers, gastritis, or inflammatory bowel disease may be at higher risk for these complications. 
• Renal Impairment: feprazone is eliminated by the kidneys, and its use can affect renal function. Individuals with impaired renal function, including those with chronic kidney disease, should be closely monitored while taking feprazone. Dose adjustments may be necessary. 
• Liver Disease: Liver function should also be monitored in individuals taking feprazone, as it can impact liver enzymes. Those with liver disease or a history of liver problems should use feprazone cautiously. 

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy consideration: pregnancy category: not assigned 

Lactation: excreted into breast milk: unknown  

Pregnancy category: 

• Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester. 
• Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women. 
• Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.   
• Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits. 
• Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women. 
• Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category. 

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: 

feprazone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with pharmacological properties that primarily revolve around its ability to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. It achieves these effects by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals responsible for promoting pain and inflammation in the body.

feprazone specifically targets the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which plays a central role in prostaglandin synthesis. By inhibiting COX, feprazone decreases the formation of prostaglandins, leading to reduced pain, swelling, and fever. This pharmacological action makes feprazone a valuable medication for managing various painful and inflammatory conditions, although its use should be approached with caution due to potential side effects and interactions.  

Pharmacodynamics: 

• Anti-Inflammatory: feprazone reduces inflammation by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). COX is responsible for prostaglandins synthesis, which are inflammatory mediators. By inhibiting COX, feprazone decreases the production of prostaglandins, leading to reduced inflammation at the site of injury or infection. 
• Analgesic: feprazone acts as an analgesic by reducing pain perception. This is achieved by lowering prostaglandin levels in the central nervous system, which play a role in transmitting pain signals. 
• Antipyretic: feprazone has antipyretic properties, meaning it can lower fever. It accomplishes this by reducing prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that regulates body temperature. 
• Platelet Inhibition: Like other NSAIDs, feprazone can inhibit platelet aggregation, which may prolong bleeding time. This effect is due to the inhibition of COX-1 in platelets, reducing the synthesis of thromboxane A2, a substance that promotes platelet aggregation. 
• Gastrointestinal Effects: feprazone, like other NSAIDs, can irritate the stomach lining and may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers. This is a significant concern associated with long-term or high-dose use.

Pharmacokinetics: 

Absorption 

feprazone is orally administered and is well-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Its absorption is not affected by food, so it can be taken with or without meals. 

Distribution 

After absorption, feprazone is distributed throughout the body. It has a large volume of distribution, which means it can enter various tissues and body compartments. It can also cross the blood-brain barrier. 

Metabolism 

feprazone undergoes metabolism primarily in the liver. The major metabolic pathway involves the conversion of feprazone to its active metabolite, 4-hydroxyfeprazone, through hepatic enzymes. This active metabolite contributes to feprazone’s pharmacological effects. 

Elimination and excretion 

The elimination of feprazone and its metabolites primarily occurs through the kidneys. A significant portion of the drug and its metabolites is excreted in urine. Some metabolites may also be eliminated through bile and feces. 

Adminstartion

Administration: 

• Dosage: The dosage of feprazone can vary widely depending on the medical condition being treated.  
• Timing: feprazone is usually taken with or without food. Taking it with food may help reduce the risk of stomach upset. 
• Duration: The duration of feprazone treatment also varies based on the medical condition. It may be prescribed for short-term or long-term use. Always complete the full course of treatment, even if your symptoms improve before the medication is finished. 
• Tablet or Capsule: Swallow the feprazone tablet or capsule whole with water. Do not chew, crush, or break tablet, as this can affect the drug’s absorption and effectiveness. 

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: feprazone 

Pronounced: (FEP-ruh-zone)  

Why do we use feprazone? 

• Pain Relief: feprazone is primarily used to relieve pain, including mild to moderate pain associated with conditions such as headaches, dental pain, menstrual cramps, and musculoskeletal injuries. 
• Fever Reduction: Like other NSAIDs, feprazone can help reduce fever, making it useful in treating fever associated with infections or other illnesses. 
• Gout: feprazone may be used in the treatment of gout, caused by the uric acid crystals in the joints. It can help relieve pain during gout attacks. 
• Postoperative Pain: In some cases, feprazone may be prescribed to manage pain after surgical procedures or dental surgery. 
• Migraines: It may be used as a part of the treatment regimen for migraine headaches, particularly in combination with other medications. 
• Dysmenorrhea: feprazone can help alleviate the pain and discomfort associated with dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation).