goldenseal

Action and Spectrum

Actions and Spectrum: 

The main bioactive compounds in goldenseal are alkaloids, particularly berberine, hydrastine, and canadine. berberine is considered the most pharmacologically active constituent. It is believed to exert its effects through multiple mechanisms, including: 

• Antimicrobial Activity:  It is thought to inhibit the growth and replication of these pathogens by affecting their cellular processes. 
• Anti-inflammatory Activity: They can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and enzymes, and modulate immune responses. 
• Antioxidant Activity: goldenseal contains compounds with antioxidant properties, which help neutralize harmful free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in the body.  
• Modulation of Enzymes and Receptors: goldenseal alkaloids, particularly berberine, has been shown to interact with various enzymes and receptors in the body.  

Spectrum of Activity: goldenseal has been traditionally used for its potent antimicrobial properties. Berberine, one of its main active compounds, has demonstrated activity against various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida species. 

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Frequency not defined 

Cardiac damage (OD) 

Death (OD) 

Depression (OD) 

Dyspnea (OD) 

Hallucinations 

Kernicterus (peds) 

Nausea/vomiting (OD) 

Paralysis (OD) 

Seizures (OD) 

Bradycardia (Overdose: OD) 

Constipation 

Delirium 

Digestive disorders 

Excitability 

Hypotension (OD) 

Mucosal irritation 

Nervousness (OD) 

Respiratory failure (OD) 

Spasms (OD) 

Black Box Warning

Black box warning: 

None 

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindications/caution: 

Contraindications: 

• Allergic Reactions: Allergic reactions can range from mild skin irritations to severe allergic responses.  
• Infants and Young Children: goldenseal is not recommended for use in infants and young children due to limited safety data in this population.  
• Drug Interactions: goldenseal may interact with certain medications, including those metabolized by the liver’s cytochrome P450 enzymes. It can inhibit these enzymes, affecting the metabolism and clearance of various drugs.  
• Liver Disease: goldenseal contains alkaloids that may exert effects on liver enzymes.  
• Gastrointestinal Disorders: goldenseal has been reported to cause stomach upset and gastrointestinal irritation in some individuals. 

Caution: 

• Duration of Use: goldenseal should only be used continuously for long periods with medical supervision. Prolonged use of goldenseal may disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the body or lead to other imbalances.  
• Dosage and Quality: The appropriate dosage of goldenseal can vary depending on the specific preparation and formulation.  
• Interactions with Medications: goldenseal may interact with certain medications. It contains compounds that can inhibit liver enzymes responsible for metabolizing various drugs. This can lead to increased drug levels in the body and potential interactions or adverse effects. 
• Allergic Reactions: While rare, some individuals may be allergic to goldenseal or its components. Discontinue use if you experience rash, itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing. 

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy consideration: X 

Lactation: Excretion of the drug in human breast milk is known and unsafe 

Pregnancy category: 

Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester. 

Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women. 

Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.    

Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.    

Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.    

Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category 

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: 

goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) contains several bioactive compounds, primarily alkaloids, that contribute to their pharmacological properties. 

berberine: berberine is one of the significant alkaloids found in goldenseal and is considered the most pharmacologically active constituent.  

• Anti-inflammatory Activity: berberine has shown anti-inflammatory effects by modulating various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes involved in the inflammatory response. It can help reduce inflammation and alleviate associated symptoms. 
• Antioxidant Activity: berberine possesses antioxidant properties, which enable it to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. This antioxidant activity may contribute to its potential health benefits. 
• Modulation of Enzymes and Pathways: berberine interacts with various enzymes and signaling pathways in the body. It can modulate the activity of enzymes involved in metabolism, gene expression, and cellular signaling, potentially influencing physiological processes. 

Pharmacokinetics: 

Absorption 

goldenseal alkaloids, including berberine, can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral ingestion. The absorption of goldenseal alkaloids may be enhanced when taken with fatty foods. 

Distribution 

After absorption, goldenseal alkaloids, particularly berberine, can distribute throughout the body. It can cross the blood-brain and placental barriers, potentially reaching the central nervous system and affecting fetal development. 

Metabolism 

goldenseal alkaloids, including berberine, undergo metabolism in the liver.  

Elimination and Excretion 

The elimination of goldenseal alkaloids occurs primarily through the bile and feces. The alkaloids are believed to be excreted as unchanged compounds and metabolites. 

Adminstartion

Administration: 

Oral Administration: 

Capsules and Tablets: goldenseal is often available in capsule or tablet form, which can be taken orally with water.  

Liquid Extracts and Tinctures: goldenseal extracts and tinctures are concentrated liquid forms of the herb. They are typically taken orally by diluting the recommended amount in water or another beverage.  

Teas: Goldenseal can be prepared as a tea by steeping the dried or powdered herb in hot water for a certain period.  

Topical Application: 

Goldenseal can be used topically in creams, ointments, or salves for external use. These preparations are typically applied directly to the affected area of the skin. 

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: goldenseal 

Why do we use goldenseal? 

goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) has been traditionally used for various purposes, primarily due to its potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.  

• Digestive health: goldenseal has been used to support digestive health and relieve gastrointestinal discomfort.  
• Respiratory health: goldenseal has been used to support respiratory health and relieve respiratory symptoms. 
• Immune Support: goldenseal has been used to support immune function.  
• Skin Health: goldenseal has been used topically for skin conditions such as eczema, rashes, and minor wounds.  
• Oral health: goldenseal has been used in oral care products for its potent antimicrobial properties.