phosphatidylserine

Action and Spectrum

Actions and Spectrum: 

phosphatidylserine (PS) is a phospholipid that plays crucial roles in various biological processes within the human body. It is primarily located in the inner leaflet of the cell membrane and takes part in maintaining cell structure, membrane fluidity, and signal transduction. 

The phosphatidylserine spectrum is not typically associated with a specific electromagnetic spectrum or light absorption properties. phosphatidylserine is a lipid molecule found in biological systems, and its actions and functions are primarily related to its interactions within cellular membranes and biochemical processes. 

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Frequency not defined 

None 

Black Box Warning

Black Box Warning: 

None 

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindication/Caution: 

Contraindication 

phosphatidylserine (PS) is generally considered safe for most individuals when taken orally or applied topically in appropriate doses.  

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: The safety of phosphatidylserine supplementation during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been extensively studied. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid its use during these periods unless expressly advised by a healthcare professional. 
• Bleeding disorders: phosphatidylserine may have anticoagulant properties and can potentially increase the risk of bleeding. If you have a bleeding disorder/taking anticoagulant medications (such as warfarin or aspirin), it is key to consult with your healthcare provider before using phosphatidylserine. 
• Surgery: Due to its potential anticoagulant effects, it is advisable to discontinue phosphatidylserine supplementation at least two weeks before scheduled surgical procedures to reduce the risk of excessive bleeding. Always inform your healthcare provider about any dietary supplements you take before surgery. 
• Allergies: Individuals with known allergies or hypersensitivity to phosphatidylserine or its components should avoid its use. 

Caution 

While phosphatidylserine (PS) is generally considered safe for most individuals when used appropriately, there are a few cautions to keep in mind: 

• Dosage and Quality: When using phosphatidylserine as a dietary supplement, follow the recommended dosage instructions provided by the manufacturer/as advised by a healthcare professional. Quality control of supplements can vary, so choosing reputable brands and sources is vital to ensure purity and potency. 
• Drug Interactions: phosphatidylserine may interact with certain medications, particularly those that affect blood clotting or antiplatelet drugs. If you are taking any prescription drugs, especially anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, or other supplements, it is advisable to meet with a physician to assess potential interactions. 
• Potential Side Effects: While phosphatidylserine is generally well-tolerated, some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, stomach discomfort, or diarrhea.  
• Allergies and Sensitivities: Although rare, some individuals may have allergic reactions or sensitivities to phosphatidylserine or other components present in the supplement. If you have known allergies or sensitivities, it is key to carefully read the ingredient list and consult with a physician before starting supplementation. 
• Use in Specific Populations: Limited research is available on the safety and efficacy of phosphatidylserine in children, older adults, or individuals with specific health conditions.  

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy consideration:  

US FDA pregnancy category: N/A 

Lactation:   

Excreted into human milk: N/A 

Pregnancy category: 

• Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester. 
• Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women. 
• Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.    
• Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.    
• Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.    
• Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category. 

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: 

phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid that plays a main role in structure and function of cell membranes. Its pharmacology encompasses absorption, metabolism, and mechanisms of action within the body. 

phosphatidylserine exerts its pharmacological effects primarily through its incorporation into cell membranes. As a phospholipid, it contributes to the structure and fluidity of the cell membrane, that is essential for cell function. phosphatidylserine also plays a role in membrane signaling and cellular processes such as neurotransmitter release, ion channel activity, and protein interactions. 

Pharmacodynamics: 

Mechanism of action: The action of phosphatidylserine (PS) involves its incorporation into cell membranes and its interactions with various cellular processes. Here are some of the critical mechanisms by which phosphatidylserine exerts its effects: 

• Cell Membrane Function: phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid in cell membranes, particularly in the inner leaflet. It helps maintain the integrity and fluidity of cell membranes, contributing to their structure and function. phosphatidylserine ensures proper membrane permeability, signaling, and receptor function, essential for regular cell activity. 
• Neurotransmitter Release and Receptor Function: phosphatidylserine has been found to influence neurotransmitter systems in the brain. It may enhance the release and availability of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, crucial for memory and cognitive processes. phosphatidylserine has also been shown to modulate dopamine release and serotonin receptors, which are involved in mood regulation and other neurological functions. 
• Brain Cell Signaling: phosphatidylserine plays a role in cellular signaling pathways within the brain. It interacts with proteins in intracellular signaling cascades, which regulate neuronal growth, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmitter release. These interactions can impact the overall function and communication between brain cells. 
• Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects: phosphatidylserine exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, contributing to its neuroprotective effects. It can help modulate immune responses and reduce the production of inflammatory mediators. Additionally, phosphatidylserine can scavenge free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress, which is beneficial for overall brain health. 
• Cortisol Regulation: phosphatidylserine has been found to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is involved in the body’s stress response. It can help modulate cortisol levels, a hormone released during stress. By regulating cortisol, phosphatidylserine may help reduce stress-related symptoms and support overall mental well-being. 

Pharmacokinetics: 

Absorption 

When phosphatidylserine is consumed orally, it is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. It is believed to be absorbed through passive diffusion, facilitated by bile salts and micelle formation. Various factors, such as the dosage form, other dietary components, and individual variations, can influence phosphatidylserine’s absorption rate and efficiency. 

Distribution 

phosphatidylserine is a naturally occurring phospholipid present in cell membranes throughout the body. Once absorbed, it is distributed via the bloodstream to various tissues, including the brain. It is likely incorporated into cell membranes, contributing to their structure and function. 

Metabolism 

The metabolic pathways of phosphatidylserine in the body still need to be well elucidated. It is thought to undergo enzymatic hydrolysis, where it can be broken down into tiny components such as fatty acids and serine. These components may be utilized for various cellular processes, including synthesizing other phospholipids. 

Elimination and Excretion 

The exact excretion pathway of phosphatidylserine needs to be better understood. It is likely that metabolites of phosphatidylserine, such as the breakdown products (fatty acids and serine), are excreted through normal metabolic processes. phosphatidylserine may also be catabolized within cells or recycled to synthesize new phospholipids. 

Adminstartion

Administration: 

Oral administration 

phosphatidylserine (PS) is available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, soft gels, and powders. The specific administration instructions may vary depending on the product and brand. However, Certain general guidelines for the administration of phosphatidylserine: 

• Dosage: The recommended phosphatidylserine dosage can vary based on the intent of use and the specific health condition. Typical dosages range from 100 mg to 400 mg per day. It is suggestible to follow the dosage instructions provided by the manufacturer or as a healthcare professional recommends. 
• Timing: phosphatidylserine can be taken with or without food. However, it is suggestible to check the product label or follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for specific guidance on timing. 
• Duration: phosphatidylserine supplementation can vary depending on the intended purpose. Some individuals may take it for short-term support during periods of increased cognitive demand or stress. It is better to meet with a physician to determine the appropriate duration for your needs. 
• Combination with other supplements or medications: It is essential to consider potential interactions if you are taking other dietary supplements or medications. Consult with a healthcare professional or pharmacist to ensure no contraindications or potential interactions between phosphatidylserine and other substances you may be using. 
• Follow instructions and seek guidance: Always read and follow the manufacturer’s instruction on the product label. It is suggestible to consult with a healthcare professional or pharmacist for personalized guidance. 

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: phosphatidylserine 

Why do we use phosphatidylserine? 

phosphatidylserine (PS) has various uses and potential benefits. Some of the common uses of phosphatidylserine: 

• Cognitive Function: phosphatidylserine has been studied for its potential cognitive benefits. It supports brain health and improves cognitive function, including memory, attention, focus, and learning abilities. Research suggests that phosphatidylserine may be particularly beneficial for age-related cognitive decline and conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. 
• Stress and Cortisol Management: phosphatidylserine may help modulate the body’s response to stress by reducing cortisol levels, a hormone associated with stress. Studies have shown that supplementation with phosphatidylserine might help alleviate stress, improve mood, and support overall mental well-being. 
• Sports Performance: phosphatidylserine supplementation has been investigated for potential benefits in athletic performance and recovery. Some studies suggest it may help reduce cortisol levels, support muscle recovery, and improve exercise capacity. 
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): phosphatidylserine supplementation has shown promise in improving symptoms of ADHD, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattentiveness. However, more research studies is needed to establish its efficacy as a standalone treatment for ADHD. 
• Age-Related Vision Decline: phosphatidylserine has been studied for its potential benefits in age-related vision decline, particularly in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Some research suggests that it may help slow the progression of AMD and support overall eye health.