pirprofen

Action and Spectrum

Actions and Spectrum: 

pirprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is used as a treatment for arthritis and pain, indicating its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. While the exact mechanism of action of pirprofen is not explicitly mentioned in the provided search results, NSAIDs like pirprofen typically work by inhibiting enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins.

Prostaglandins are chemical messengers that mediate inflammation, pain, and fever. By reducing their production, NSAIDs like pirprofen can alleviate inflammation and relieve pain. Regarding the spectrum of pirprofen, its infrared absorption spectrum, when combined with ß-cyclodextrin, indicates its chemical characteristics.

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Frequency not defined 

Gastrointestinal disturbances 

Peptic ulcer 

Headache 

Dizziness 

Blurred vision 

Tinnitus 

Skin rashes  

Pruritus 

Black Box Warning

Black Box Warning: 

None 

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindication/Caution: 

Contraindication 

• Hypersensitivity: pirprofen should not be used in individuals with a known hypersensitivity/allergic reaction to the drug or its components. Allergic reactions can range from mild-severe anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic response. 
• History of GI Bleeding or Ulcers: pirprofen, like other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can increase the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and ulcers. It is contraindicated in individuals with a history of GI bleeding, peptic ulcers, or active GI disorders. 
• Severe Renal Impairment: pirprofen is primarily eliminated through the kidneys. Therefore, it should be avoided or used with extreme caution in individuals with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease, as it may further impair kidney function. 
• Severe Heart Failure: NSAIDs, including pirprofen, can lead to fluid retention and exacerbate heart failure. It is contraindicated in individuals with severe congestive heart failure. 
• Active Bleeding Disorders: pirprofen can interfere with platelet function and prolong bleeding time. It should not be used in individuals with active bleeding disorders or those at risk of bleeding. 
• Pregnancy and Lactation: pirprofen should be avoided during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, as it may lead to fetal complications. It is also contraindicated during breastfeeding, as it can be excreted in breast milk. 
• Children Under 16: pirprofen is typically not recommended for use in children under 16 unless specifically prescribed by a healthcare provider, as its safety and efficacy in this age group are not well-established. 
• Concomitant Use with Certain Medications: pirprofen may interact with other medications, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, and certain antihypertensive medications.  

Caution 

• GI Effects: pirprofen, like other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can enhance the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, including bleeding, ulcers, and perforations. Patients with a history of GI problems, such as ulcers or GI bleeding, should use pirprofen with caution. To minimize these risks, healthcare providers may consider prescribing lower doses or co-administering gastroprotective agents. 
• Cardiovascular Risk: NSAIDs, including pirprofen, have been associated with an enhanced risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke. Patients with prior history of the cardiovascular disease, hypertension, or other risk factors should use pirprofen cautiously. Healthcare providers should carefully assess the individual’s cardiovascular risk before prescribing this medication. 
• Renal Function: pirprofen is primarily excreted through the kidneys. Patients with impaired renal function, together with those with chronic kidney disease, should use pirprofen cautiously. Dose adjustments may be necessary in these cases to avoid potential kidney-related complications. 
• Fluid Retention: NSAIDs can lead to fluid retention and edema, especially in patients with heart failure, hypertension, or renal dysfunction. Monitoring for signs of fluid retention, such as swelling, is essential in these individuals. 
• Bleeding Risk: pirprofen may interfere with platelet function and prolong bleeding time. Patients taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs should use pirprofen cautiously, as it may increase the risk of bleeding. Close monitoring and adjustments in medication dosages may be necessary. 
• Liver Function: Liver function should be monitored in patients taking pirprofen, as rare cases of liver damage have been reported. Patients with pre-existing liver conditions should exercise caution, and healthcare providers should consider liver function tests when necessary. 
• Elderly Patients: Elderly individuals are more susceptible to adverse effects of NSAIDs, including GI bleeding and kidney problems. Lower doses and careful monitoring are advisable in this population. 
• Children and Adolescents: pirprofen is typically not recommended for use in children under 16 years of age unless specifically prescribed by a healthcare provider. The safety and efficacy of this medication in pediatric populations are not well-established. 
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: pirprofen should be avoided during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, as it may adversely affect the fetus. It is also contraindicated during breastfeeding, as it can be excreted in breast milk. 
• Drug Interactions: Patients should inform the healthcare providers about all medications, supplements, and herbal products, as pirprofen can interact with other drugs, potentially affecting their efficacy or safety. Healthcare providers can adjust dosages or recommend alternative treatments as needed. 

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy consideration:  

US FDA pregnancy category: Not assigned. 

Lactation:   

Excreted into human milk: Not known. 

Pregnancy category: 

• Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester. 
• Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women. 
• Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.    
• Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.    
• Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence, these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.    
• Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category. 

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: 

pirprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic (pain-relieving), and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties. Its pharmacological actions stem from its ability to inhibit the enzymes COX-1 (cyclooxygenase-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which are responsible for producing prostaglandins, lipid compounds involved in mediating inflammation, pain, and fever. By inhibiting these enzymes, pirprofen decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins, thereby reducing inflammation, alleviating pain, and lowering fever. pirprofen’s pharmacological effects are used clinically to manage conditions such as arthritis, musculoskeletal pain, headache, and fever. 

Pharmacodynamics: 

Mechanism of action: pirprofen, like other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), exerts its mechanism of action primarily by inhibiting the activity of enzymes called COX (cyclooxygenases). These enzymes are crucial in producing prostaglandins, lipid compounds involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation, pain, and fever. 

• Inhibition of Cyclooxygenases (COX): pirprofen inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in the tissues and produces prostaglandins that maintain normal physiological functions. COX-2, conversely, is inducible and is primarily associated with the production of prostaglandins in response to inflammation and injury. 
• Reduction in Prostaglandin Synthesis: By inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2, pirprofen reduces the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are signaling molecules that mediate various processes, including inflammation, pain sensitization, and fever response. 
• Anti-Inflammatory Effects: The reduction in prostaglandin synthesis leads to decreased inflammation at the injury site or inflammation. This results in a reduction in redness, swelling, and heat often associated with inflammatory conditions. 
• Analgesic Effects: pirprofen’s inhibition of prostaglandins contributes to its analgesic (pain-relieving) effects. Prostaglandins sensitize pain receptors, and by reducing their levels, pirprofen helps alleviate pain. 
• Antipyretic Effects: Prostaglandins also play a role in regulating body temperature. By reducing prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus (the body’s temperature-regulating center), pirprofen can lower fever. 

Pharmacokinetics: 

Absorption 

pirprofen is well absorbed when taken orally, with peak plasma concentrations typically reached within 2 to 4 hours after ingestion. Taking pirprofen with food or milk can help reduce the risk of gastrointestinal irritation. 

Distribution 

pirprofen is distributed throughout the body, primarily in the plasma and synovial fluid of joints. It has a relatively high volume of distribution, indicating that it can penetrate various tissues. The drug is highly protein-bound, mainly to albumin, which may affect its distribution and interactions with other drugs. 

Metabolism 

pirprofen undergoes hepatic metabolism, primarily in the liver, where it is metabolized by various enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes. The primary metabolite of pirprofen is 2-phenylpropionic acid, which is pharmacologically inactive. Metabolism plays a role in the elimination of the drug from the body. 

Elimination and Excretion 

The elimination of pirprofen primarily occurs through the kidneys. Both the parent drug and its metabolites are excreted in the urine. Renal clearance accounts for a significant portion of the drug’s elimination, with some minor excretion through feces. 

Adminstartion

Administration: 

The administration of pirprofen should always be based on a healthcare provider’s prescription and specific instructions tailored to an individual’s condition. pirprofen is typically available in oral forms, such as tablets or capsules.  

• Dosage: The dosage of pirprofen will vary depending on the medical condition being treated, the patient’s age, weight, and overall health.  
• Timing: pirprofen is usually taken with food or milk to help minimize potential stomach irritation. Follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations regarding when and how often to take the medication. It is commonly taken two to three times a day. 
• Duration: The duration of pirprofen treatment will depend on the underlying medical condition. It may be prescribed for short-term pain relief or longer-term management of chronic conditions like arthritis. Follow your healthcare provider’s guidance on how long to take the medication. 
• Swallow Whole: Swallow pirprofen tablets or capsules whole with a full glass of water. Do not crush, break, or chew them unless specifically instructed by your healthcare provider. 
• Missed Dose: If a dose is missed, taking it as soon as possible is generally recommended. However, if the next scheduled dose is missed, it should be skipped and the following dose should be taken at the appropriate time. It is key to avoid taking a double dose of the drug in order to compensate for the missed dose. 
• Storage: Store pirprofen in a cool, dry place away from moisture and direct sunlight. Follow any specific storage instructions provided on the medication packaging. 
• Special Considerations: If you have difficulty swallowing pills, discuss alternative forms of pirprofen (e.g., liquid preparations) with your healthcare provider. Additionally, if you experience any side effects or unusual symptoms while taking pirprofen, promptly inform your healthcare provider. 
• Follow-up: Regularly follow up with the healthcare provider to monitor your response to pirprofen and assess the need for dose adjustments or potential side effect management. 
• Caution with Other Medications: Be cautious when taking pirprofen with other medications, especially NSAIDs, as it may increase the risk of adverse effects and drug interactions.

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: pirprofen 

Why do we use pirprofen? 

pirprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is primarily used for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic (pain-relieving), and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties. Here are some common medical uses of pirprofen: 

• Arthritis: pirprofen is often prescribed to manage the symptoms of various types of arthritis, together with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It helps reduce joint inflammation, alleviate pain, and improve joint mobility in individuals with these conditions. 
• Pain Relief: pirprofen is used to provide relief from moderate to moderately severe pain. It can be prescribed for various painful conditions, such as musculoskeletal pain, post-surgical pain, and dental pain. 
• Fever Reduction: pirprofen effectively lowers fever, making it suitable for individuals with fever due to infections or other causes. It helps bring down elevated body temperature. 
• Dysmenorrhea: pirprofen may alleviate the discomfort and pain associated with dysmenorrhea, which is painful menstruation experienced by some women. 
• Migraine Headaches: In some cases, pirprofen may be prescribed to help relieve the pain and reduce inflammation associated with migraine headaches. 
• Other Painful Conditions: pirprofen can also be considered for pain management in various conditions, including back pain, sports injuries, and musculoskeletal injuries.