propolis

Action and Spectrum

Actions and Spectrum: 

propolis is a resinous substance bee produce from the buds and bark of trees. It has been used for nearly centuries for its medicinal properties and is generally known for its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects. 

The action of propolis is mainly due to its high content of flavonoids, which are natural compounds found in plants with antioxidant properties. These flavonoids are responsible for the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of propolis. propolis has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it an effective natural antibiotic. 

The spectrum of propolis activity is broad, as it is effective against many pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Herpes simplex virus. It has also been found to have antitumor properties and might help boost the immune system. 

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Black Box Warning

Black Box Warning: 

There is currently no black box warning for propolis herbal supplements. 

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindication/Caution: 

Contraindication 

propolis is generally considered safe for most people when taken in appropriate doses, but there are some contraindications to be aware of. These include: 

• Allergic reactions: As mentioned earlier, propolis can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, so if you have a history of allergies to bee products, you should avoid propolis. 
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: There is limited information on the safety of propolis during pregnancy and breastfeeding, so it is best to consult a physician. 
• Asthma: propolis may exacerbate asthma symptoms in some individuals. 
• Immune system disorders: Because propolis may stimulate the immune system, it should be avoided by individuals with autoimmune diseases or other immune system disorders. 
• Bleeding disorders: propolis may increase the risk of bleeding and should be used cautiously by individuals with bleeding disorders or those using blood-thinning medications. 
• Surgery: Because of its potential to enhance the risk of bleeding, propolis should be discontinued at least two weeks before surgery. 

Caution 

While propolis is generally considered safe when used appropriately, there are some cautions to keep in mind: 

• Dosage: propolis should be taken in recommended doses, as excessive amounts may cause side effects such as gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, or even liver toxicity. 
• Quality: The quality and purity of propolis can vary depending on the source and processing method. Using propolis from reputable suppliers is crucial to ensure it is free of contaminants and toxins. 
• Interaction with medications: propolis may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners, and can enhance the risk of bleeding. It is key to consult with a physician before using propolis if you are taking medications. 
• Topical use: Topical use of propolis might cause skin irritation/allergic reactions in some individuals.  
• Children: The safety and efficacy of propolis in children are not well-established.  
• Storage: propolis should be stored in a cool, dark place to preserve its quality and potency. 

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy consideration:  

Pregnancy category: N/A 

Lactation: N/A 

Pregnancy category: 

• Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies do not show risk to the fetus in the first/later trimester.        
• Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women        
• Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.       
• Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.        
• Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.        
• Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category 

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: 

The pharmacology of propolis is complex and involves various bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, and bee-specific compounds. Here are some of the pharmacological properties of propolis: 

• Anti-inflammatory: propolis has anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce inflammation in various tissues and organs, such as the skin, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract. 
• Antimicrobial: propolis has antimicrobial properties and may help inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. 
• Antioxidant: propolis has antioxidant properties and may help diminish oxidative stress and protect against cellular damage caused by free radicals. 
• Immunomodulatory: propolis has immunomodulatory properties and may help regulate the immune system by enhancing the activity of immune cells or reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines. 
• Wound healing: propolis has wound-healing properties and may help promote the growth of new tissue and blood vessels, reduce inflammation, and prevent infection. 
• Antitumor: Some studies suggest that propolis may have antitumor properties and help inhibit cancer cell growth and spread. 

Pharmacodynamics: 

Mechanism of action: The action of propolis needs to be thoroughly understood and is likely multifactorial, involving various bioactive compounds and cellular pathways. 

Pharmacokinetics: 

Absorption 

The absorption of propolis depends on the formulation and route of administration. propolis is often consumed orally as a dietary supplement or added to food or beverages. In this case, its bioavailability may be affected by various factors, such as the solubility of the active compounds, the food matrix, and the gut microbiota. propolis may also be applied topically as a cream, gel, ointment, mouthwash, or throat spray. In this case, the absorption of propolis through the skin or mucous membranes may depend on the formulation, the concentration of active compounds, and the permeability of the tissue. 

Distribution 

The distribution of propolis in the body needs to be better understood. Research studies in rats and mice have shown that propolis may accumulate in various organs, such as the liver, kidneys, lungs, and brain. Its distribution may depend on the type and dose of propolis, as well as the duration of exposure. 

Metabolism 

The metabolism of propolis needs to be better studied. Some studies suggest that the bioactive compounds in propolis, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, may undergo various metabolic pathways in the liver, including glucuronidation, sulfation, and methylation. 

Elimination and Excretion 

The excretion of propolis needs to be better understood. Some studies suggest that the bioactive compounds in propolis may be eliminated from the body through the urine or feces, while others suggest that they may be excreted through the bile and reabsorbed in the gut. 

Adminstartion

Administration: 

Depending on the treated condition, propolis can be taken orally or applied topically. Here are some standard administration methods for propolis: 

• Oral consumption: propolis is available in various forms, such as capsules, tinctures, and lozenges. The usual recommended dosage may vary depending on the specific product but typically ranges from 500 mg to 1000 mg per day. It is best to follow the product label instructions or consult a healthcare provider for personalized dosing recommendations. 
• Topical application: propolis can be applied topically to the skin to treat various skin conditions, such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis. It is available in creams, ointments, and lotions. Before applying propolis topically, it is crucial to do a skin test to check for allergic reactions. Apply a small quantity of the ingredient on the inner forearm and wait 24 hours to see if any irritation or redness occurs. 
• Mouthwash or gargle: propolis can be added to warm water as a mouthwash or gargle to help treat oral health conditions, such as gingivitis, sore throat, or canker sores. A few drops of propolis tincture can be added to a cup of lukewarm water and swished in the mouth for a few minutes before spitting out. 

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: propolis 

Why do we use propolis? 

propolis has been used for various medicinal purposes for centuries. Here are some of its common uses: 

• Immune system support: propolis has immune-boosting properties and may help support the body’s natural defenses against infections and diseases. 
• Oral health: propolis has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and may help prevent and treat various oral health conditions, such as gingivitis, periodontitis, and dental caries. 
• Skin health: propolis has antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties and may help treat various skin conditions, such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, and wound healing. 
• Respiratory health: propolis has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and may help treat various respiratory conditions, such as colds, flu, bronchitis, and asthma. 
• Gastrointestinal health: propolis has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and may help treat gastrointestinal conditions, such as ulcers, gastritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. 
• Cancer prevention: Some studies suggest that propolis may have anticancer properties and may help stops the growth and spread of cancer cells.