rosemary

Action and Spectrum

Actions and Spectrum: 

• Antioxidant activity: rosemary contains phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid, carnosol, and caffeic acid, which exhibit potent antioxidant properties. These compounds scavenge free radicals and help protect cells from oxidative stress, which can cause damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. 
• Anti-inflammatory activity: rosemary exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and enzymes like cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX). This activity may help alleviate inflammation-related conditions. 
• Antimicrobial activity: rosemary possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of various bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. The essential oil from rosemary contains cineol, camphor, and borneol, contributing to its antimicrobial activity. 
• Memory enhancement: Some studies suggest that rosemary may have cognitive-enhancing effects. Inhalation or ingestion of rosemary essential oil has improved memory and cognitive performance. The exact mechanism is not fully understood, but it may involve increased blood flow to the brain and interactions with neurotransmitters. 
• Anticancer potential: Certain compounds found in rosemary, such as carnosol and rosmarinic acid, exhibit potential anticancer properties. They have been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in various types of cancer, including breast, colon, prostate, and lung cancers. 
• Digestive benefits: rosemary has traditionally been used to aid digestion. It stimulates the production of digestive enzymes, promotes bile flow from the liver, and can help alleviate symptoms of indigestion, bloating, and flatulence. 
• Skin health: rosemary extracts are often used in cosmetic and skincare products due to their beneficial effects on the skin. rosemary’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties help protect the skin from oxidative damage and soothe irritation. It may also assist in the management of conditions like acne and dermatitis. 

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Frequency not defined 

Toxicity 

Vomiting 

Emmenagogue & abortifacient 

Seizures 

Coma 

Pulmonary edema 

Black Box Warning

Black box warning: 

None 

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindications/caution: 

• Pregnancy and breast-feeding: rosemary is not recommended in high medicinal doses during pregnancy as it may stimulate the uterus and lead to miscarriage. It is also not recommended during breastfeeding due to limited safety information. 
• Seizure disorders: rosemary contains camphor, potentially triggering seizures in individuals with seizure disorders or epilepsy. It is advisable to avoid high doses or concentrated forms of rosemary in such cases. 
• Allergies and sensitivities: Some individuals may be allergic or sensitive to rosemary. If you have known allergies to plants in the Lamiaceae family (mint family), such as basil, oregano, or sage, you may have an increased risk of being allergic to rosemary. 
• Gastrointestinal disorders: rosemary may exacerbate symptoms in individuals with gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It may irritate and increase acid production, leading to discomfort. 
• Blood clotting disorders: rosemary may have anticoagulant properties and can potentially increase the risk of bleeding in individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking blood-thinning medications. It is advisable to exercise caution and consult a healthcare professional if you have a bleeding disorder or are taking anticoagulant medications. 
• Surgery: Due to its potential effects on blood clotting, it is recommended to discontinue rosemary at least two weeks before scheduled surgery to avoid excessive bleeding during the procedure. 
• Medication interactions: rosemary may interact with certain medications, including anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, and antiplatelet drugs. 

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy consideration: rosemary is not recommended in high medicinal doses during pregnancy as it may stimulate the uterus and lead to miscarriage.  

Lactation: It is also not recommended during breastfeeding due to limited safety information. 

Pregnancy category: 

Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester.   

Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women. 

Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.    

Category D: adequate data available with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.    

Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.    

Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category 

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: 

• Antioxidant activity: rosemary exhibits strong antioxidant properties due to its high content of phenolic compounds, such as rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid. These antioxidants help neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. 
• Anti-inflammatory effects: rosemary has anti-inflammatory properties attributed to its constituents like rosmarinic and carnosic acid. It can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and prostaglandins, helping to reduce inflammation. 
• Antimicrobial activity: rosemary has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties due to volatile compounds like camphor, cineole, and borneol. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. rosemary oil and extracts have demonstrated antimicrobial effects against various pathogens. 
• Cognitive effects: rosemary has been associated with potential cognitive benefits. Its aroma or specific compounds, such as 1,8-cineole, may positively affect memory, attention, and cognitive performance. rosemary has been traditionally used for its memory-enhancing properties. 
• Gastrointestinal effects: rosemary can stimulate bile production, which aids in digestion and liver function. It may also possess anti-spasmodic properties that can help relieve gastrointestinal spasms and reduce discomfort. 
• Cardiovascular effects: Some studies suggest that rosemary may have cardiovascular benefits. It has been shown to improve endothelial function, reduce lipid peroxidation, and inhibit platelet aggregation. These effects may contribute to its potential cardioprotective properties. 
• Anticancer potential: rosemary and its bioactive compounds have demonstrated anticancer properties in various studies. They can inhibit the growth of cancer cells, induce apoptosis (programmed cell death), and exhibit anti-proliferative effects. The mechanisms of action involve modulation of signaling pathways, inhibition of angiogenesis, and antioxidant activity. 
• Dermatological effects: rosemary has been used in skincare products due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It may help protect the skin against oxidative damage, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health. 

Pharmacodynamics: 

• Antioxidant activity: rosemary acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. 
• Anti-inflammatory effects: rosemary possesses anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation and related symptoms. 
• Antimicrobial activity: rosemary exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. 
• Neuroprotective effects: rosemary compounds have neuroprotective effects, potentially improving cognitive function and protecting against neurodegenerative diseases. 
• Gastrointestinal effects: rosemary can stimulate bile production and possesses anti-spasmodic properties, aiding digestion and relieving gastrointestinal discomfort. 
• Cardiovascular effects: rosemary may have cardiovascular benefits, improving endothelial function, reducing lipid peroxidation, and inhibiting platelet aggregation. 
• Anticancer potential: rosemary compounds have shown anticancer properties, inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells and inducing apoptosis. 

Pharmacokinetics: 

Absorption 

rosemary can be absorbed through various routes of administration, including oral ingestion, topical application, and inhalation. When taken orally, the bioavailability of rosemary’s active compounds can vary. Some constituents may be absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract and enter the bloodstream. 

Distribution 

After absorption, rosemary compounds can distribute throughout the body via the bloodstream. Due to their lipophilic nature, they can reach various tissues and organs, including the brain. 

Metabolism 

rosemary undergoes metabolism in the body, primarily in the liver. The active compounds of rosemary, such as rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, may undergo phase I and phase II metabolism, including processes like hydroxylation, methylation, glucuronidation, and sulfation. The metabolites formed may have different pharmacological properties than the original compounds. 

Elimination and Excretion 

rosemary and its metabolites are eliminated from the body through various routes. The primary route of excretion is through urine, where the water-soluble metabolites are eliminated. Some components may also be excreted in feces, sweat, or exhaled air. 

Adminstartion

Administration: 

• Oral ingestion: rosemary, including fresh or dried leaves, tea, capsules, or liquid extracts, can be consumed orally. This method is commonly used for culinary purposes and to obtain the potential health benefits of rosemary. 
• Topical application: rosemary essential oil or diluted preparations can be applied topically to the skin. It is important to dilute the essential oil with a suitable carrier before applying it to the skin to avoid irritation or sensitization. Topical application is often used for aromatherapy, massage, or skincare purposes. 
• Inhalation: Inhalation of rosemary essential oil or steam infused with rosemary can be done to enjoy its aromatic properties and potential respiratory benefits. This can be achieved using a diffuser, adding a few drops of essential oil to hot water for steam inhalation, or incorporating it into herbal inhalation blends. 
• Herbal baths: rosemary can be used as dried leaves or essential oil to enhance the therapeutic properties of a warm bath. Adding rosemary to bathwater can help promote relaxation, relieve muscle tension, and provide a pleasant aromatic experience. 

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: rosemary 

Why do we use rosemary? 

rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) has a wide range of uses and applications due to its aromatic and medicinal properties. Here are some common uses of rosemary: 

• Culinary purposes: rosemary is a popular culinary herb known for its distinct aroma and flavor. It enhances the taste of various dishes, including roasted meats, vegetables, soups, sauces, and marinades. 
• Aromatherapy: The aroma of rosemary essential oil is believed to have stimulating and invigorating effects. It is used in aromatherapy to promote mental clarity, concentration, and alertness. rosemary oil can be diffused, inhaled, or used in massage or bath products. 
• Digestive support: rosemary has been traditionally used to aid digestion and alleviate digestive discomfort. It can stimulate bile production and improve the digestion of fats. Rosemary tea or extracts are sometimes consumed for this purpose. 
• Hair and scalp health: rosemary is known for its potential benefits for hair and scalp health. It is often used in hair care products to promote growth, strengthen the hair, and soothe the scalp. rosemary-infused rinses or diluted essential oil may be used topically for these purposes. 
• Memory and cognitive function: rosemary has been associated with potential memory-enhancing properties. The aroma of rosemary may help improve focus, concentration, and memory retention. It has been traditionally used as a memory aid and is sometimes incorporated into study or work environments. 
• Skin health: rosemary’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties benefit skin health. It is often included in skincare products because it can protect against free radicals, reduce inflammation, and improve the skin’s overall appearance. 
• Natural insect repellent: The pungent aroma of rosemary can act as a natural insect repellent. It is sometimes used in homemade insect repellent preparations, candles, or diffusers to keep insects at bay. 
• Traditional medicine: In traditional medicine, rosemary has been used for various purposes, including as a mild analgesic, a digestive aid, and to relieve muscle aches and pains. It has also been used topically for wound healing and as a mild antiseptic.