star anise

Action and Spectrum

Actions and Spectrum: 

star Anise (Illicium verum) is a spice commonly used in Asian cuisine for its sweet licorice-like flavor. It is also used for medicinal purposes and contains several beneficial compounds, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. 

One of the primary active compounds in star anise is anethole, which gives it its distinct flavor and aroma. Anethole has been shown to have various pharmacological effects, including antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties. 

star anise also contains other compounds, such as shikimic acid, which produces the anti-viral medication Tamiflu. This has led to research into the potential use of star anise as a natural alternative to synthetic drugs for treating viral infections. 

In addition to its medicinal properties, star anise produces certain alcoholic beverages, such as absinthe and pastis. It is also used in some perfumes and soaps for its pleasant scent. 

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Black Box Warning

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindication/Caution: 

Contraindication 

star anise (Illicium verum) is considered safe as a culinary spice or a medicinal herb when used in moderation. However, there are some contraindications to keep in mind. 

• Allergies: Some people may be allergic to star anise, mainly if they are also allergic to other plants in the same family, such as fennel, dill, or celery. Symptoms of an allergic reactions like hives, itching, swelling, difficulty breathing, and anaphylaxis in severe cases. 
• Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is not enough research on the safety of star anise during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is best to avoid using it during these times, as it may cause harm to the developing fetus or nursing infant. 
• Children: star anise essential oil should not be used on or around young children, as it can cause skin irritation and respiratory problems. It is also not recommended for internal use in children under 6, as it may cause neurological side effects. 
• Interactions with medications: star anise may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners, sedatives, and medications broken down by the liver. Speaking with a healthcare provider before using star anise if you are taking any medications is crucial. 
• Liver disease: star anise contains high doses of compounds that can be toxic to the liver. If you have liver disease or are at risk of developing liver disease, it is best to avoid using star anise or use it under a healthcare provider’s guidance. 

Caution 

Here are some general cautions to keep in mind when using star anise: 

• Quality and purity: Make sure to purchase star anise from a reputable source to ensure that it is of good quality and purity. Some products may be adulterated or contaminated with harmful substances. 
• Dosage: star anise should be used in moderation and appropriate doses. Overconsumption of star anise or its essential oil can be toxic and may cause nausea, vomiting, seizures, and other adverse effects. 
• Essential oil: star anise essential oil should not be used on the skin or ingested unless under the guidance of a healthcare provider. It is highly concentrated and can cause irritation, allergic reactions, and other side effects. 
• Storage: Store star anise in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture. Exposure to heat, light, and humidity can cause the spice to lose its flavor and aroma. 
• Other health conditions: If you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications, speak with a healthcare provider before using star anise. It may interact with certain medications or exacerbate certain health conditions. 
• Culinary use: When using star anise as a culinary spice, use it in moderation to avoid overpowering the flavor of other ingredients. Removing the star anise before serving is best, as it can be difficult to chew and swallow. 

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy consideration:  

Pregnancy Category: N/A 

Lactation: N/A 

Pregnancy category: 

• Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies do not show risk to the fetus in the first/later trimester.        
• Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women        
• Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.       
• Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.        
• Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.        
• Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category 

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: 

star anise (Illicium verum) contains several bioactive compounds responsible for its pharmacological effects. Here are some of the critical pharmacological properties of star anise: 

• Antimicrobial: star anise contains compounds such as anethole, eugenol, and terpineol, which have antibacterial and antifungal properties. These compounds may help to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi. 
• Antioxidant: star anise is rich in antioxidants, including flavonoids and polyphenols, which help to protect against oxidative stress and damage to cells and tissues. 
• Digestive: star anise contains compounds that stimulate the production of digestive enzymes, which may help to improve digestion and alleviate digestive symptoms such as bloating, gas, and constipation. 
• Respiratory: star anise has natural expectorant and antitussive properties, which make it helpful in relieving coughs and respiratory congestion. 
• Anti-inflammatory: star anise contains compounds with anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation in the body and alleviate symptoms associated with inflammation, such as pain and swelling. 
• Neuroprotective: star anise contains compounds with neuroprotective properties, which may help protect against damage to the nervous system and improve cognitive function. 

Pharmacodynamics: 

Mechanism of action: The action involves loosening phlegm, which helps relieve cough and bronchitis. Additionally, it exerts an antispasmodic effect on the intestines. 

Pharmacokinetics: 

Absorption 

star anise can be consumed in various forms, including as a tea, extract, or whole spice. The bioactive compounds in star anise are typically absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and then enter the bloodstream. 

Distribution 

Once in the bloodstream, the bioactive compounds in star anise can be distributed throughout the body, including to the digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems. 

Metabolism 

The bioactive compounds in star anise may undergo metabolism in the liver and other tissues, broken down into metabolites that can be excreted from the body. 

Elimination and Excretion 

The metabolites of star anise can be excreted from the body through the kidneys and the gastrointestinal tract. 

Adminstartion

Administration: 

star anise (Illicium verum) can be used in various ways, including as a culinary spice, herbal tea, or dietary supplement. Here are some standard methods of administration: 

• Culinary use: star anise is a popular spice in Asian cuisine, particularly in savory dishes and desserts. It can add flavor and aroma to soups, stews, sauces, marinades, and baked goods. It is best to use whole star anise and remove it before serving, as it can be difficult to chew and swallow. 
• Herbal tea: star anise can make a fragrant and soothing herbal tea. To make star anise tea, steep 1-2 whole star anise pods in hot water for 5-10 minutes. For added flavor and health benefits, you can add other herbs or spices, such as cinnamon or ginger. 
• Dietary supplement: star anise is available in supplement form, including capsules, extracts, and tinctures. These products may support digestion, relieve cough and cold symptoms, or provide other health benefits. It is key to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for dosage and administration. 
• Essential oil: star anise essential oil is highly concentrated and should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider. It can be used topically for aromatherapy or diluted in a carrier oil for massage or other therapeutic applications. 

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: star anise 

Why do we use star anise? 

star anise (Illicium verum) has been used in traditional medicine and cuisine for centuries. some of the common uses of star anise: 

• Digestive health: star anise contains compounds that have been shown to support digestive health. It can help to relieve gas, bloating, constipation, and indigestion. It is often used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat digestive disorders. 
• Respiratory health: star anise has natural expectorant and antitussive properties, which make it helpful in relieving coughs and respiratory congestion. It is often used in cough syrups, lozenges, and other respiratory remedies. 
• Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties: star anise contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds. These properties may help to reduce inflammation, protect against oxidative stress, and support overall health and wellness. 
• Flavoring agent: star anise has a sweet, licorice-like flavor and aroma, which make it a popular ingredient in culinary dishes, particularly in Asian cuisine. It is generally used to flavor soups, stews, sauces, and baked goods. 
• Aromatherapy: star anise essential oil has a warm, spicy aroma that is often used in aromatherapy to promote relaxation, relieve stress, and improve mood. It can be diffused in a room, added to a bath, or used in massage to provide therapeutic benefits.