In Wuhan, China, researchers are currently investigating how marine-sourced constituents can help treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first appeared in late 2019, belongs to the Coronaviridae family of single-stranded RNA viruses. This family also includes the viruses responsible for previous outbreaks, such as SARS in 2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, both of which can infect humans and animals.
The virus SARS-CoV-2 enters the human body through the respiratory tract and binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors using its spike (S) protein. Even if vaccines have been developed to target specifically this spike protein, ongoing concerns remain due to the virus’s high mutation rate. These mutations may reduce vaccine efficacy and enhance viral transmission. This underscores the need for broad-spectrum antiviral medications.
Recently, researchers investigated natural products as antiviral treatments and have expressed that marine organisms might be promising for the treatment of viruses. Chemicals from seaweed, microalgae, and crustaceans have shown promising results. One such compound is Carageenan, a polysaccharide that is derived from marine algae. Additionally, red algae produce griffithsin, a mannose-binding lectin with strong antiviral activity, effective against enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.
These marine-derived substances have exhibited inhibitory effects against viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and members of the SARS-CoV family. Griffithsin is of particular interest due to its low immunogenicity and well-established safety profile. Intranasal administration of griffithsin in animal models has shown promising antiviral effects. Carrageenan, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive, has also been found safe and effective for use in the respiratory and reproductive systems.
Along with these natural agents, nanoparticles derived from marine resources are also gaining popularity for their diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Marine-based nanotechnology could facilitate targeted drug delivery and inhibit viral replication or entry into host cells. For example, when combined with COVID-19 antibodies, graphene-based biosensors have demonstrated the ability to detect the virus with high specificity, minimizing false positives from other pathogens.
The most common COVID-19 symptoms include fever, coughing, being tired, and losing your sense of smell. It can spread from infected people who cough or sneeze, or by touching items contaminated with their droplets. Carrying the infection without any symptoms makes it difficult for these individuals to avoid spreading the virus. The intensive care unit (ICU) physicians, nurses, and allied healthcare staff are at remarkable risk as they work with patients experiencing aerosol-generating procedures.
Ongoing research is investigating marine-derived compounds for their ability to inhibit key viral enzymes such as the main protease (Mpro) in SARS-CoV-2. Researchers are also examining special combinations of bioactive agents from marine organisms to evaluate their effectiveness in limiting viral replication and enzyme activity.
Natural peptides, fatty acids, and antioxidants sourced from marine life are being tested for their antiviral potential. With over 200,000 natural compounds identified from marine species worldwide, the next generation of antiviral treatment options may come from marine life.
As COVID-19 continues to emerge and evolve, using the pharmacological potential of marine organisms offers a novel avenue for global public health. This approach represents a convergence of traditional natural medicine and modern, evidence-based biomedical research, paving the way for innovative antiviral treatments rooted in the biodiversity of the sea.
References: Magaji A, Jimoh OY, Joel Y, Rubiyamisumma DK. Role of Marine Natural Products in Combating SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. medtigo J Pharmacol. 2025;2(2):e3061222. doi:10.63096/medtigo3061222
