Cardiobacterium is a genus of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli.
These bacteria normally inhibit the oropharynx to cause opportunistic infections.
Cardiobacterium causes culture-negative endocarditis within HACEK organism group.
Local mouth infections contribute 5-10% of native valve endocarditis cases in non-drug-abusing individuals.
C. hominis displays low virulence in animal studies with large organism injections. Normal respiratory flora can become an opportunistic pathogen in humans.
Cardiobacterium hominis causes subacute infective endocarditis. These organisms have caused rare human infections such as endovascular, septic arthritis, ocular, and neonatal sepsis.
Epidemiology
C. hominis endocarditis constitutes 0.1% of cases affects individuals with abnormal mitral and aortic valves.
Mycotic aneurysms affect morbidity and mortality in C hominis endocarditis cases. Cardiobacterium colonization lacks age preference.
Embolization occurs in endocarditis and cardiobacterium colonization shows no racial preference.
Cardiobacterium colonization shows no sexual preference; C. hominis may occur in asymptomatic women.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Cardiobacterium is a commensal organism in respiratory tract. Organism enters through oral injuries or mucosal microabrasions from hygiene.
Turbulent blood flow over damaged valves disrupts endothelium and exposes extracellular matrix components.
Cardiobacterium biofilms on damaged tissue or prosthetics protect bacteria from immune response and antibiotics.
Cardiobacterium proliferates and forms vegetations within the growing thrombus.
Etiology
The causes of cardiobacterium are:
Microbial Factors
Routes of Infection
Host Factors
Disease Association
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Pre-existing valvular heart disease, prosthetic valves, or heart failure elevate complication risks and mortality in infective endocarditis due to embolism.
Prognosis is better than prosthetic valve IE but has higher complication rates.
Worse outcomes are seen with mitral valve involvement due to severe hemodynamics.
Cardiobacterium infections are typically subacute, but prosthetic valve infections pose challenges due to antibiotic resistance.
Clinical History
Collect details including chief complaint, history of predisposing factors, and past medical history to understand clinical history of patient.
Physical Examination
Cardiovascular Examination
Skin Examination
Neurological Examination
Abdominal Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Acute symptoms are:
High-grade fever with chills, Acute heart failure, Embolic events
Subacute symptoms are:
Persistent low-grade fever, fatigue or malaise, weight loss, Arthralgia
Differential Diagnoses
HACEK Group Infections
Infective Endocarditis
Atrial Myxoma
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
Third-generation cephalosporin is preferred for HACEK endocarditis.
HACEK bacteria susceptible to ampicillin now show resistant strains.
Treat native valve endocarditis for 3 to 4 weeks.
The American Heart Association recommends 4-week treatment with specific antibiotics.
Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures targets Streptococcus viridans to prevent HACEK infections.
C. hominis endocarditis patients can be treated outpatient but require ongoing IV antimicrobial therapy.
Patients require continuous monitoring and quick access to medical care for potential complications.
Procedural interventions include surgical valve replacement, drainage, and oropharyngeal surgery.
use-of-phases-in-managing-cardiobacterium
In the diagnosis phase, confirm the presence of cardiobacterium infection and evaluate complications.
Pharmacologic therapy is effective in the treatment phase as it includes the use of antibiotics.
In supportive care and management phase, patients should receive required attention such as lifestyle modification and surgical interventional therapies.
The regular follow-up visits with the physician are scheduled to check the improvement of patients along with treatment response.
Cardiobacterium is a genus of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli.
These bacteria normally inhibit the oropharynx to cause opportunistic infections.
Cardiobacterium causes culture-negative endocarditis within HACEK organism group.
Local mouth infections contribute 5-10% of native valve endocarditis cases in non-drug-abusing individuals.
C. hominis displays low virulence in animal studies with large organism injections. Normal respiratory flora can become an opportunistic pathogen in humans.
Cardiobacterium hominis causes subacute infective endocarditis. These organisms have caused rare human infections such as endovascular, septic arthritis, ocular, and neonatal sepsis.
C. hominis endocarditis constitutes 0.1% of cases affects individuals with abnormal mitral and aortic valves.
Mycotic aneurysms affect morbidity and mortality in C hominis endocarditis cases. Cardiobacterium colonization lacks age preference.
Embolization occurs in endocarditis and cardiobacterium colonization shows no racial preference.
Cardiobacterium colonization shows no sexual preference; C. hominis may occur in asymptomatic women.
Cardiobacterium is a commensal organism in respiratory tract. Organism enters through oral injuries or mucosal microabrasions from hygiene.
Turbulent blood flow over damaged valves disrupts endothelium and exposes extracellular matrix components.
Cardiobacterium biofilms on damaged tissue or prosthetics protect bacteria from immune response and antibiotics.
Cardiobacterium proliferates and forms vegetations within the growing thrombus.
The causes of cardiobacterium are:
Microbial Factors
Routes of Infection
Host Factors
Disease Association
Pre-existing valvular heart disease, prosthetic valves, or heart failure elevate complication risks and mortality in infective endocarditis due to embolism.
Prognosis is better than prosthetic valve IE but has higher complication rates.
Worse outcomes are seen with mitral valve involvement due to severe hemodynamics.
Cardiobacterium infections are typically subacute, but prosthetic valve infections pose challenges due to antibiotic resistance.
Collect details including chief complaint, history of predisposing factors, and past medical history to understand clinical history of patient.
Cardiovascular Examination
Skin Examination
Neurological Examination
Abdominal Examination
Acute symptoms are:
High-grade fever with chills, Acute heart failure, Embolic events
Subacute symptoms are:
Persistent low-grade fever, fatigue or malaise, weight loss, Arthralgia
HACEK Group Infections
Infective Endocarditis
Atrial Myxoma
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
Third-generation cephalosporin is preferred for HACEK endocarditis.
HACEK bacteria susceptible to ampicillin now show resistant strains.
Treat native valve endocarditis for 3 to 4 weeks.
The American Heart Association recommends 4-week treatment with specific antibiotics.
Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures targets Streptococcus viridans to prevent HACEK infections.
C. hominis endocarditis patients can be treated outpatient but require ongoing IV antimicrobial therapy.
Patients require continuous monitoring and quick access to medical care for potential complications.
Infectious Disease
Regular brushing should be done to prevent periodontal disease.
Use mouth rinses to reduce bacterial load. Administer antibiotics during surgeries with mucosal breaches.
Proper awareness about cardiobacterium should be provided and its related causes with management strategies.
Appointments with a physician and preventing recurrence of disorder is an ongoing life-long effort.
Infectious Disease
Ampicillin:
It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis during active multiplication.
Gentamicin:
It inhibits protein synthesis to bind with the 30S ribosomal subunits.
Ampicillin and sulbactam:
It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis during active replication.
Ciprofloxacin:
It inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerases required for genetic material.
Infectious Disease
Procedural interventions include surgical valve replacement, drainage, and oropharyngeal surgery.
Infectious Disease
In the diagnosis phase, confirm the presence of cardiobacterium infection and evaluate complications.
Pharmacologic therapy is effective in the treatment phase as it includes the use of antibiotics.
In supportive care and management phase, patients should receive required attention such as lifestyle modification and surgical interventional therapies.
The regular follow-up visits with the physician are scheduled to check the improvement of patients along with treatment response.
Cardiobacterium is a genus of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli.
These bacteria normally inhibit the oropharynx to cause opportunistic infections.
Cardiobacterium causes culture-negative endocarditis within HACEK organism group.
Local mouth infections contribute 5-10% of native valve endocarditis cases in non-drug-abusing individuals.
C. hominis displays low virulence in animal studies with large organism injections. Normal respiratory flora can become an opportunistic pathogen in humans.
Cardiobacterium hominis causes subacute infective endocarditis. These organisms have caused rare human infections such as endovascular, septic arthritis, ocular, and neonatal sepsis.
C. hominis endocarditis constitutes 0.1% of cases affects individuals with abnormal mitral and aortic valves.
Mycotic aneurysms affect morbidity and mortality in C hominis endocarditis cases. Cardiobacterium colonization lacks age preference.
Embolization occurs in endocarditis and cardiobacterium colonization shows no racial preference.
Cardiobacterium colonization shows no sexual preference; C. hominis may occur in asymptomatic women.
Cardiobacterium is a commensal organism in respiratory tract. Organism enters through oral injuries or mucosal microabrasions from hygiene.
Turbulent blood flow over damaged valves disrupts endothelium and exposes extracellular matrix components.
Cardiobacterium biofilms on damaged tissue or prosthetics protect bacteria from immune response and antibiotics.
Cardiobacterium proliferates and forms vegetations within the growing thrombus.
The causes of cardiobacterium are:
Microbial Factors
Routes of Infection
Host Factors
Disease Association
Pre-existing valvular heart disease, prosthetic valves, or heart failure elevate complication risks and mortality in infective endocarditis due to embolism.
Prognosis is better than prosthetic valve IE but has higher complication rates.
Worse outcomes are seen with mitral valve involvement due to severe hemodynamics.
Cardiobacterium infections are typically subacute, but prosthetic valve infections pose challenges due to antibiotic resistance.
Collect details including chief complaint, history of predisposing factors, and past medical history to understand clinical history of patient.
Cardiovascular Examination
Skin Examination
Neurological Examination
Abdominal Examination
Acute symptoms are:
High-grade fever with chills, Acute heart failure, Embolic events
Subacute symptoms are:
Persistent low-grade fever, fatigue or malaise, weight loss, Arthralgia
HACEK Group Infections
Infective Endocarditis
Atrial Myxoma
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
Third-generation cephalosporin is preferred for HACEK endocarditis.
HACEK bacteria susceptible to ampicillin now show resistant strains.
Treat native valve endocarditis for 3 to 4 weeks.
The American Heart Association recommends 4-week treatment with specific antibiotics.
Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures targets Streptococcus viridans to prevent HACEK infections.
C. hominis endocarditis patients can be treated outpatient but require ongoing IV antimicrobial therapy.
Patients require continuous monitoring and quick access to medical care for potential complications.
Infectious Disease
Regular brushing should be done to prevent periodontal disease.
Use mouth rinses to reduce bacterial load. Administer antibiotics during surgeries with mucosal breaches.
Proper awareness about cardiobacterium should be provided and its related causes with management strategies.
Appointments with a physician and preventing recurrence of disorder is an ongoing life-long effort.
Infectious Disease
Ampicillin:
It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis during active multiplication.
Gentamicin:
It inhibits protein synthesis to bind with the 30S ribosomal subunits.
Ampicillin and sulbactam:
It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis during active replication.
Ciprofloxacin:
It inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerases required for genetic material.
Infectious Disease
Procedural interventions include surgical valve replacement, drainage, and oropharyngeal surgery.
Infectious Disease
In the diagnosis phase, confirm the presence of cardiobacterium infection and evaluate complications.
Pharmacologic therapy is effective in the treatment phase as it includes the use of antibiotics.
In supportive care and management phase, patients should receive required attention such as lifestyle modification and surgical interventional therapies.
The regular follow-up visits with the physician are scheduled to check the improvement of patients along with treatment response.
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