A contusion often referred to as a bruise is a kind of tissue injury caused by a blunt force or an impact on the human body causing the small blood vessels beneath the skin to break. While the integrity of the skin is maintained, but blood oozes out and stains the tissues.
Types of Contusions:
Skin contusions: Involve only the skin and the subcutaneous tissue. Muscle contusions: This can damage the underlying muscle fibers, and, possibly, restrict their functioning.
Bone contusions (bone bruises): Involves the periosteum which lies just over the bones, and they are generally more painful.
Epidemiology
General Population: Bruises are very popular among all age groups and are observed often when there are small scratches, sport injuries or any kind of accident.
Athletes: Bruises are most frequently encountered in the sports where players are likely to encounter one another, for example football, rugby, hockey or basketball. They contribute to most sports related injuries and according to the nature of the sports can be estimated to be between 15%-30%.
Bruises and strains collectively account for 60-70 per cent of sports related injuries. However, many of the contusion injuries are never diagnosed and or receive medical attention. Muscle contusions make up one-third of all reported injuries in athletes.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Vascular Damage
Initial Trauma: Mechanical trauma applies mechanical force which results in the pressure of tissues, and the small blood vessels and capillaries rupture.
Blood Leakage: Blood oozes out of the broken vessels into the surrounding interstitial fluid so forming the characteristic blue/black patches.
Liberation of hemoglobin from erythrocytes produces a reddish-purple hue.
Inflammatory Response
Mediators of Inflammation: Prostaglandins and histamine are produced by damaged cells and serves to increase the permeability of the blood vessels.
Other interleukins such as IL-1 and TNF-α attract white blood cells to the location of injury.
 Edema Formation: There is an infiltration of the fluid arising from increased permeability of capillaries combined with swelling of tissues.
Pain: Prostaglandins sensitize nociceptors, leading to pain at the injury site.
Etiology
Traumatic Causes
Blunt force trauma: Injury resulting from falls in any sport or sports related accident or punched in the jaw or hit in the head. Compression injuries: Applying pressure in the form of pinching or squeezing to soft tissue.
Surgical trauma: Touching or moving the tissues by the surgeon and their assistants during an operation.
Non-Traumatic Causes
Spontaneous bruising: Most of the times, happen without any severe injury and is attributed to health complications.
Aging: Thinner skin and more fragile blood vessels in elderly individuals.
Medications:
Anticoagulants
Corticosteroids
Hemophilia
Von Willebrand disease
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Severity of the Injury
Mild Contusions: Healing time ranges from a few days to weeks mainly without requiring clinical interventional measures.
Severe Contusions: May cause developments of hematomas, compartment syndrome, deep tissue injuries which further implies the need for more invasive treatments.
Soft Tissue Contusions: Typically have a good prognosis if managed properly.
Head Contusions: May be more severe in case of intracranial bleed or traumatic brain injury because its serious complications is challenging to diagnose without imaging.
Clinical History
Age Group:
Adults
Common Causes: Sports injuries, trauma, occupational injuries.
Characteristics: Most of the bruises take between two to four weeks to heal, and they change in colour with discharge (red, purple, green, yellow).
Concerns: Bruises that happen without any evident cause or too often can be a sign of clotting disorders, side effects of some medicines such as blood thinners or vascular fragility.
Physical Examination
Inspection
Palpation
Range of Motion (ROM) Assessment
Neurological Assessment
Circulatory Assessment
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Bleeding Disorders
Connective Tissue Disorders
Nutritional Deficiencies
Chronic Conditions
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Acute Contusions: Onset: Instantaneous or within days of trauma. Symptoms:
Localized pain.
Swelling caused by bleeding beneath the skin.
Discoloration beginning as red/purple. Common Causes:
Trauma by blunt force (such as falls, blows, injuries via sporting events). Management:
RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation).
Intervention on pain (NSAIDs like ibuprofen). Subacute Contusions: Onset: Begins a few hours to days. Symptoms:
Decreased pain but swelling may persist.
Bruise colour changes to blue, green, or yellow due to breakdown of blood. Management:
Continued RICE.
Careful mobility to prevent stiffness. Chronic Contusions:
Onset: Several weeks or longer (typically from repeated trauma or coagulopathy). Symptoms:
Protracted tenderness or development of a lump (hematoma).
Bruising that resolves slowly or recurs. Management:
Often needs imaging studies, such as ultrasound or MRI, to exclude further injury.
May need aspiration of the hematoma or other intervention.
Differential Diagnoses
Vascular Disorders
Autoimmune/Inflammatory Conditions
Coagulopathies and Hematological Conditions
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
Immediate Care (First 24-48 hours):
R.I.C.E. Protocol:
This is the primary management of a contusion.
Rest:
Avoid activities that exacerbate pain or stress the affected area. Ice: Place an ice pack on the affected part of the body but cover the ice pack with a towel before keeping it there for every 1-2 hours.
Compression: Since swelling is usually present in these types of injuries, be sure to cover it with an elastic bandage or a compression wrap, but don’t do it very tightly, as this may hinder blood flow.
Elevation: Elevate the injured area above the level of the heart to minimize swelling, especially in the first 48 hours.
Pain Management: Over the counter (OTC) analgesics: Ibuprofen or aspirin work as non-steroid antagonists, and acetaminophen is also used to work as a pain killer or to reduce inflammation.
Swelling is also eased using NSAIDs, but they must be taken with a lot of precaution as they are known to cause blood thinning and other side effects.
Topical treatments: Arnica gel or creams containing menthol or camphor may sometimes be used for comforting to alleviate mild pain.
Observation and Monitoring:
Track Changes: Monitor the bruise over the course of a few days to see if it changes colour (from red to purple, blue, and eventually yellow/green as healing occurs).
Signs of complications: In the case of increased pain and increased soreness or stiffness that hinders usage of the affected area or part of the body or formation of a bruin, then medical attention should be sought.
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
lifestyle-modifications-in-treating-contusions
Temperature Regulation
Cold compress for initial injury: During the first 24–48 hours after the injury, apply cold compresses to reduce swelling and pain. Make sure to use a cloth or towel to protect the skin from direct contact with ice.
Warm compress after 48 hours: After the initial inflammation goes down, applying warm compresses or heating pads can help relax muscles and improve circulation to the injured area.
Pain Management Tools
Topical treatments: Arrange for pain relief options, like over-the-counter topical creams or gels (containing arnica or menthol) that can soothe bruising.
Comfortable footwear or protective wear: If the contusion is on a foot or leg, padded footwear or compression socks may offer additional support and protection.
Nutritional Considerations
Anti-inflammatory foods: In the home environment, ensure the person has access to anti-inflammatory foods (like omega-3-rich fish, berries, or turmeric) to help reduce swelling and promote tissue healing.
Role of Nonnarcotic Analgesics in treating contusions
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Acetaminophen is thought to act by suppressing the transmission of pain stimuli in the central nervous system.
This medication is relatively free from inhibition of inflammatory enzymes compared to the NSAIDs’ drugs.
Use of Narcotic Analgesics in treating contusions
Morphine
Administered for chronic pain, and the pain that arises from relatively serious bruises or certain types of tissue damage.
Hydrocodone
Pronounced commonly for moderate to severe pain it is available in combination with acetaminophen.
Oxycodone
A powerful opioid with the use of moderate-severe pain, either OxyContin or with acetaminophen.
Effectiveness of NSAIDS in treating contusions
Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin): Typically considered pain reliever, including for the relief of inflammation.
Aspirin: Though capable of easing pain and inflammation, its use in some specific groups (for instance children with viral disease) might cause Reye’s syndrome.
role-of-management-in-treating-contusions
Acute Phase (0-48 hours): Rest: Avoid aggravating activity. Ice: Apply ice for 15-20 minutes every 1-2 hours to reduce swelling and pain. Compression: Use an elastic bandage to reduce swelling (ensure it’s not too tight). Elevation: Raise the injured area above heart level to minimize swelling. Subacute Phase (48 hours to 1 week): Heat therapy: After the first 48 hours, heat can be applied to relax muscles and promote healing. Gentle Massage: Helps with circulation and decreased stiffness. Continued Compression and Elevation:
Reinforce measures to control swelling Recovery Phase (> 1 week):
Gradual Return to Activity: Should avoid strenuous exercise until discomfort and swelling have subsided Physical Therapy: If required, exercises to regain full function and reduce permanent stiffness Monitor for Complications: Look for the occurrence of complications such as hematoma or infection.
A contusion often referred to as a bruise is a kind of tissue injury caused by a blunt force or an impact on the human body causing the small blood vessels beneath the skin to break. While the integrity of the skin is maintained, but blood oozes out and stains the tissues.
Types of Contusions:
Skin contusions: Involve only the skin and the subcutaneous tissue. Muscle contusions: This can damage the underlying muscle fibers, and, possibly, restrict their functioning.
Bone contusions (bone bruises): Involves the periosteum which lies just over the bones, and they are generally more painful.
General Population: Bruises are very popular among all age groups and are observed often when there are small scratches, sport injuries or any kind of accident.
Athletes: Bruises are most frequently encountered in the sports where players are likely to encounter one another, for example football, rugby, hockey or basketball. They contribute to most sports related injuries and according to the nature of the sports can be estimated to be between 15%-30%.
Bruises and strains collectively account for 60-70 per cent of sports related injuries. However, many of the contusion injuries are never diagnosed and or receive medical attention. Muscle contusions make up one-third of all reported injuries in athletes.
Vascular Damage
Initial Trauma: Mechanical trauma applies mechanical force which results in the pressure of tissues, and the small blood vessels and capillaries rupture.
Blood Leakage: Blood oozes out of the broken vessels into the surrounding interstitial fluid so forming the characteristic blue/black patches.
Liberation of hemoglobin from erythrocytes produces a reddish-purple hue.
Inflammatory Response
Mediators of Inflammation: Prostaglandins and histamine are produced by damaged cells and serves to increase the permeability of the blood vessels.
Other interleukins such as IL-1 and TNF-α attract white blood cells to the location of injury.
 Edema Formation: There is an infiltration of the fluid arising from increased permeability of capillaries combined with swelling of tissues.
Pain: Prostaglandins sensitize nociceptors, leading to pain at the injury site.
Traumatic Causes
Blunt force trauma: Injury resulting from falls in any sport or sports related accident or punched in the jaw or hit in the head. Compression injuries: Applying pressure in the form of pinching or squeezing to soft tissue.
Surgical trauma: Touching or moving the tissues by the surgeon and their assistants during an operation.
Non-Traumatic Causes
Spontaneous bruising: Most of the times, happen without any severe injury and is attributed to health complications.
Aging: Thinner skin and more fragile blood vessels in elderly individuals.
Medications:
Anticoagulants
Corticosteroids
Hemophilia
Von Willebrand disease
Severity of the Injury
Mild Contusions: Healing time ranges from a few days to weeks mainly without requiring clinical interventional measures.
Severe Contusions: May cause developments of hematomas, compartment syndrome, deep tissue injuries which further implies the need for more invasive treatments.
Soft Tissue Contusions: Typically have a good prognosis if managed properly.
Head Contusions: May be more severe in case of intracranial bleed or traumatic brain injury because its serious complications is challenging to diagnose without imaging.
Age Group:
Adults
Common Causes: Sports injuries, trauma, occupational injuries.
Characteristics: Most of the bruises take between two to four weeks to heal, and they change in colour with discharge (red, purple, green, yellow).
Concerns: Bruises that happen without any evident cause or too often can be a sign of clotting disorders, side effects of some medicines such as blood thinners or vascular fragility.
Inspection
Palpation
Range of Motion (ROM) Assessment
Neurological Assessment
Circulatory Assessment
Bleeding Disorders
Connective Tissue Disorders
Nutritional Deficiencies
Chronic Conditions
Acute Contusions: Onset: Instantaneous or within days of trauma. Symptoms:
Localized pain.
Swelling caused by bleeding beneath the skin.
Discoloration beginning as red/purple. Common Causes:
Trauma by blunt force (such as falls, blows, injuries via sporting events). Management:
RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation).
Intervention on pain (NSAIDs like ibuprofen). Subacute Contusions: Onset: Begins a few hours to days. Symptoms:
Decreased pain but swelling may persist.
Bruise colour changes to blue, green, or yellow due to breakdown of blood. Management:
Continued RICE.
Careful mobility to prevent stiffness. Chronic Contusions:
Onset: Several weeks or longer (typically from repeated trauma or coagulopathy). Symptoms:
Protracted tenderness or development of a lump (hematoma).
Bruising that resolves slowly or recurs. Management:
Often needs imaging studies, such as ultrasound or MRI, to exclude further injury.
May need aspiration of the hematoma or other intervention.
Vascular Disorders
Autoimmune/Inflammatory Conditions
Coagulopathies and Hematological Conditions
Immediate Care (First 24-48 hours):
R.I.C.E. Protocol:
This is the primary management of a contusion.
Rest:
Avoid activities that exacerbate pain or stress the affected area. Ice: Place an ice pack on the affected part of the body but cover the ice pack with a towel before keeping it there for every 1-2 hours.
Compression: Since swelling is usually present in these types of injuries, be sure to cover it with an elastic bandage or a compression wrap, but don’t do it very tightly, as this may hinder blood flow.
Elevation: Elevate the injured area above the level of the heart to minimize swelling, especially in the first 48 hours.
Pain Management: Over the counter (OTC) analgesics: Ibuprofen or aspirin work as non-steroid antagonists, and acetaminophen is also used to work as a pain killer or to reduce inflammation.
Swelling is also eased using NSAIDs, but they must be taken with a lot of precaution as they are known to cause blood thinning and other side effects.
Topical treatments: Arnica gel or creams containing menthol or camphor may sometimes be used for comforting to alleviate mild pain.
Observation and Monitoring:
Track Changes: Monitor the bruise over the course of a few days to see if it changes colour (from red to purple, blue, and eventually yellow/green as healing occurs).
Signs of complications: In the case of increased pain and increased soreness or stiffness that hinders usage of the affected area or part of the body or formation of a bruin, then medical attention should be sought.
Hospital Medicine
Temperature Regulation
Cold compress for initial injury: During the first 24–48 hours after the injury, apply cold compresses to reduce swelling and pain. Make sure to use a cloth or towel to protect the skin from direct contact with ice.
Warm compress after 48 hours: After the initial inflammation goes down, applying warm compresses or heating pads can help relax muscles and improve circulation to the injured area.
Pain Management Tools
Topical treatments: Arrange for pain relief options, like over-the-counter topical creams or gels (containing arnica or menthol) that can soothe bruising.
Comfortable footwear or protective wear: If the contusion is on a foot or leg, padded footwear or compression socks may offer additional support and protection.
Nutritional Considerations
Anti-inflammatory foods: In the home environment, ensure the person has access to anti-inflammatory foods (like omega-3-rich fish, berries, or turmeric) to help reduce swelling and promote tissue healing.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Acetaminophen is thought to act by suppressing the transmission of pain stimuli in the central nervous system.
This medication is relatively free from inhibition of inflammatory enzymes compared to the NSAIDs’ drugs.
Morphine
Administered for chronic pain, and the pain that arises from relatively serious bruises or certain types of tissue damage.
Hydrocodone
Pronounced commonly for moderate to severe pain it is available in combination with acetaminophen.
Oxycodone
A powerful opioid with the use of moderate-severe pain, either OxyContin or with acetaminophen.
Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin): Typically considered pain reliever, including for the relief of inflammation.
Aspirin: Though capable of easing pain and inflammation, its use in some specific groups (for instance children with viral disease) might cause Reye’s syndrome.
Acute Phase (0-48 hours): Rest: Avoid aggravating activity. Ice: Apply ice for 15-20 minutes every 1-2 hours to reduce swelling and pain. Compression: Use an elastic bandage to reduce swelling (ensure it’s not too tight). Elevation: Raise the injured area above heart level to minimize swelling. Subacute Phase (48 hours to 1 week): Heat therapy: After the first 48 hours, heat can be applied to relax muscles and promote healing. Gentle Massage: Helps with circulation and decreased stiffness. Continued Compression and Elevation:
Reinforce measures to control swelling Recovery Phase (> 1 week):
Gradual Return to Activity: Should avoid strenuous exercise until discomfort and swelling have subsided Physical Therapy: If required, exercises to regain full function and reduce permanent stiffness Monitor for Complications: Look for the occurrence of complications such as hematoma or infection.
A contusion often referred to as a bruise is a kind of tissue injury caused by a blunt force or an impact on the human body causing the small blood vessels beneath the skin to break. While the integrity of the skin is maintained, but blood oozes out and stains the tissues.
Types of Contusions:
Skin contusions: Involve only the skin and the subcutaneous tissue. Muscle contusions: This can damage the underlying muscle fibers, and, possibly, restrict their functioning.
Bone contusions (bone bruises): Involves the periosteum which lies just over the bones, and they are generally more painful.
General Population: Bruises are very popular among all age groups and are observed often when there are small scratches, sport injuries or any kind of accident.
Athletes: Bruises are most frequently encountered in the sports where players are likely to encounter one another, for example football, rugby, hockey or basketball. They contribute to most sports related injuries and according to the nature of the sports can be estimated to be between 15%-30%.
Bruises and strains collectively account for 60-70 per cent of sports related injuries. However, many of the contusion injuries are never diagnosed and or receive medical attention. Muscle contusions make up one-third of all reported injuries in athletes.
Vascular Damage
Initial Trauma: Mechanical trauma applies mechanical force which results in the pressure of tissues, and the small blood vessels and capillaries rupture.
Blood Leakage: Blood oozes out of the broken vessels into the surrounding interstitial fluid so forming the characteristic blue/black patches.
Liberation of hemoglobin from erythrocytes produces a reddish-purple hue.
Inflammatory Response
Mediators of Inflammation: Prostaglandins and histamine are produced by damaged cells and serves to increase the permeability of the blood vessels.
Other interleukins such as IL-1 and TNF-α attract white blood cells to the location of injury.
 Edema Formation: There is an infiltration of the fluid arising from increased permeability of capillaries combined with swelling of tissues.
Pain: Prostaglandins sensitize nociceptors, leading to pain at the injury site.
Traumatic Causes
Blunt force trauma: Injury resulting from falls in any sport or sports related accident or punched in the jaw or hit in the head. Compression injuries: Applying pressure in the form of pinching or squeezing to soft tissue.
Surgical trauma: Touching or moving the tissues by the surgeon and their assistants during an operation.
Non-Traumatic Causes
Spontaneous bruising: Most of the times, happen without any severe injury and is attributed to health complications.
Aging: Thinner skin and more fragile blood vessels in elderly individuals.
Medications:
Anticoagulants
Corticosteroids
Hemophilia
Von Willebrand disease
Severity of the Injury
Mild Contusions: Healing time ranges from a few days to weeks mainly without requiring clinical interventional measures.
Severe Contusions: May cause developments of hematomas, compartment syndrome, deep tissue injuries which further implies the need for more invasive treatments.
Soft Tissue Contusions: Typically have a good prognosis if managed properly.
Head Contusions: May be more severe in case of intracranial bleed or traumatic brain injury because its serious complications is challenging to diagnose without imaging.
Age Group:
Adults
Common Causes: Sports injuries, trauma, occupational injuries.
Characteristics: Most of the bruises take between two to four weeks to heal, and they change in colour with discharge (red, purple, green, yellow).
Concerns: Bruises that happen without any evident cause or too often can be a sign of clotting disorders, side effects of some medicines such as blood thinners or vascular fragility.
Inspection
Palpation
Range of Motion (ROM) Assessment
Neurological Assessment
Circulatory Assessment
Bleeding Disorders
Connective Tissue Disorders
Nutritional Deficiencies
Chronic Conditions
Acute Contusions: Onset: Instantaneous or within days of trauma. Symptoms:
Localized pain.
Swelling caused by bleeding beneath the skin.
Discoloration beginning as red/purple. Common Causes:
Trauma by blunt force (such as falls, blows, injuries via sporting events). Management:
RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation).
Intervention on pain (NSAIDs like ibuprofen). Subacute Contusions: Onset: Begins a few hours to days. Symptoms:
Decreased pain but swelling may persist.
Bruise colour changes to blue, green, or yellow due to breakdown of blood. Management:
Continued RICE.
Careful mobility to prevent stiffness. Chronic Contusions:
Onset: Several weeks or longer (typically from repeated trauma or coagulopathy). Symptoms:
Protracted tenderness or development of a lump (hematoma).
Bruising that resolves slowly or recurs. Management:
Often needs imaging studies, such as ultrasound or MRI, to exclude further injury.
May need aspiration of the hematoma or other intervention.
Vascular Disorders
Autoimmune/Inflammatory Conditions
Coagulopathies and Hematological Conditions
Immediate Care (First 24-48 hours):
R.I.C.E. Protocol:
This is the primary management of a contusion.
Rest:
Avoid activities that exacerbate pain or stress the affected area. Ice: Place an ice pack on the affected part of the body but cover the ice pack with a towel before keeping it there for every 1-2 hours.
Compression: Since swelling is usually present in these types of injuries, be sure to cover it with an elastic bandage or a compression wrap, but don’t do it very tightly, as this may hinder blood flow.
Elevation: Elevate the injured area above the level of the heart to minimize swelling, especially in the first 48 hours.
Pain Management: Over the counter (OTC) analgesics: Ibuprofen or aspirin work as non-steroid antagonists, and acetaminophen is also used to work as a pain killer or to reduce inflammation.
Swelling is also eased using NSAIDs, but they must be taken with a lot of precaution as they are known to cause blood thinning and other side effects.
Topical treatments: Arnica gel or creams containing menthol or camphor may sometimes be used for comforting to alleviate mild pain.
Observation and Monitoring:
Track Changes: Monitor the bruise over the course of a few days to see if it changes colour (from red to purple, blue, and eventually yellow/green as healing occurs).
Signs of complications: In the case of increased pain and increased soreness or stiffness that hinders usage of the affected area or part of the body or formation of a bruin, then medical attention should be sought.
Hospital Medicine
Temperature Regulation
Cold compress for initial injury: During the first 24–48 hours after the injury, apply cold compresses to reduce swelling and pain. Make sure to use a cloth or towel to protect the skin from direct contact with ice.
Warm compress after 48 hours: After the initial inflammation goes down, applying warm compresses or heating pads can help relax muscles and improve circulation to the injured area.
Pain Management Tools
Topical treatments: Arrange for pain relief options, like over-the-counter topical creams or gels (containing arnica or menthol) that can soothe bruising.
Comfortable footwear or protective wear: If the contusion is on a foot or leg, padded footwear or compression socks may offer additional support and protection.
Nutritional Considerations
Anti-inflammatory foods: In the home environment, ensure the person has access to anti-inflammatory foods (like omega-3-rich fish, berries, or turmeric) to help reduce swelling and promote tissue healing.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Acetaminophen is thought to act by suppressing the transmission of pain stimuli in the central nervous system.
This medication is relatively free from inhibition of inflammatory enzymes compared to the NSAIDs’ drugs.
Morphine
Administered for chronic pain, and the pain that arises from relatively serious bruises or certain types of tissue damage.
Hydrocodone
Pronounced commonly for moderate to severe pain it is available in combination with acetaminophen.
Oxycodone
A powerful opioid with the use of moderate-severe pain, either OxyContin or with acetaminophen.
Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin): Typically considered pain reliever, including for the relief of inflammation.
Aspirin: Though capable of easing pain and inflammation, its use in some specific groups (for instance children with viral disease) might cause Reye’s syndrome.
Acute Phase (0-48 hours): Rest: Avoid aggravating activity. Ice: Apply ice for 15-20 minutes every 1-2 hours to reduce swelling and pain. Compression: Use an elastic bandage to reduce swelling (ensure it’s not too tight). Elevation: Raise the injured area above heart level to minimize swelling. Subacute Phase (48 hours to 1 week): Heat therapy: After the first 48 hours, heat can be applied to relax muscles and promote healing. Gentle Massage: Helps with circulation and decreased stiffness. Continued Compression and Elevation:
Reinforce measures to control swelling Recovery Phase (> 1 week):
Gradual Return to Activity: Should avoid strenuous exercise until discomfort and swelling have subsided Physical Therapy: If required, exercises to regain full function and reduce permanent stiffness Monitor for Complications: Look for the occurrence of complications such as hematoma or infection.
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