Cor pulmonale is a pathological condition of enlarged and dysfunctional right ventricle of the heart developing because of some lung diseases. Persistent pulmonary hypertension is the chief trigger of this condition. When pulmonary arteries become closely pressed by thickening wall of lungs because of various lung diseases the heart shapes such arteries into more circulatory resistances. Among these diseases lung cancer or lung fibrosis may complicate cor pulmonale and can lead to its worse status to include emphysema chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 
Symptoms such as leg and ankle edema cough fatigue dyspnea or cyanosis and chest discomfort are only some of the many symptoms of cor pulmonale a right-sided heart failure. 

COPD along with pulmonary hypertension is the medical condition underlying the development of cor pulmonale. COPD tends to be more mean-inducing and affect cardiac function in duration and strength. The patients with end stage COPD often have right-sided heart failure as well as they end up having a high blood pressure within small blood vessels of their lungs. 
 
A notable factor that triggers other chronic pulmonary diseases such Emphysema or pulmonary fibrosis or interstitial lung disease as well as chronic bronchitis. They all can cause a disease called cor pulmonale. 
 
Cor pulmonale caused by chronically occurring lung diseases in the old people is more instead of being common in the older adults. 
 
As for pulmonary hypertension sometimes it is the local variations in terms of the frequency of the underlying lung diseases which are behind it. Pulmonary hypertension which is commonly found in areas with heavier smokers and pollution in the air are another type of chronic lung diseases that could be expected to exist in those areas. 

Chronic disease conditions such as interstitial lung disease or pulmonary fibrosis or chronic bronchitis or emphysema and called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are often the causes of cor pulmonale. This inflammation outcome is the persistence of the arterial blood vessels whose diameter becomes narrowed in turn thus creating an increase in the blood flow resistance. 
 
Such as COPD and emphysema, are pulmonary vessel disorders that gradually become present due to repeated lung ailments. The increase in the arterial pressure is duo to combining two factors; these are vasoconstriction and anatomical changes in the pulmonary arteries. 
 
The thickening and hypertrophy in the right ventricle’s walls occurs as a result of a higher workload and an increased need for production of sufficient pressure to match the raised pulmonary arterial pressure. 
 
The right ventricular cardiac dysfunction might develop after the right ventricle gets dilated or possibly inside shrinking of its contractile performance. Incapable right ventricular function may simply end the eventual outcome of the decreased cardiac output. The reduction in cardiac output together with its systemic consequences such as the absence of strength and loss of exercise tolerance may all occur. 

Scarring and inflammation which occur in the lungs from the interstitial lung disorders such as sarcoidosis and IPF and can eventually result in fibrotic lung situation. When chronic bronchitis is the case this kind of inflammation takes place through a very long period causing the narrowing of the bronchial tubes as well as the rise of the pulmonary artery resistance and consequently the pulmonary hypertension and the cor pulmonale are inevitable. Some occupations like work with asbestos or silica have the possibility to be the cause of dust diseases of the lungs which then evolve into cor pulmonale. Although the most well-known manifestation of chronic respiratory failure is that it occurs during sleep in some (especially when it is caused by obesity hypoventilation syndrome and severe obstructive apnea) the hypoxemia and hypercapnia can persist during wakefulness, as well, further compounding the pulmonary hypertension. 

Treatment response affects prognosis. 

Managing underlying conditions improves outcomes. 

Comorbidities like heart disease, diabetes, and kidney issues complicate cor pulmonale and affect prognosis. 

Age Group:  

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory disorders such as interstitial lung disease are more likely to lead to cor pulmonale in elderly people if they suffer from long-term overload of their lungs.
Nonetheless since there is no adulthood spared from this condition middle-aged people who have had a previous respiratory chronic illness or one or more risk factors remain at risk for cor pulmonale. In this age category smoking and occupational exposures can have a role but also there might contribute hereditary factors to the pulmonary heart disease development. 

Cyanosis 

Respiratory Assessment 

Chest Examination 

Cardiac Examination 

Peripheral Edema 

Pulmonary Examination 

Pulse Examination 

A common underlying cause of cor pulmonale is COPD. It encompasses diseases like emphysema and chronic bronchitis which worsen lung tissue degradation restrict airways and cause persistent inflammation.  

Persons with cor pulmonale can experience acute deterioration of underlying lung disease in consequence and this may be responsible for sudden spree worsening of the symptoms. 
High right pressure because of cor pulmonale may be the reason for such serious complications as myocardial failure and sudden decompensation. The chronic pulmonary embolism represents the abrupt occlusion of arteries of lungs through blood clots which results in cor pulmonale. 

Management of Underlying Lung Disease: In COPD patients a group of diseases with limited air flow bronchodilators assist in widening of the bronchi and relief of symptoms caused by over contraction of the muscles around the bronchial tubes. 
 
Smoking Cessation: People who are smoking it is a important to quit as it helps to slow down the development of lung disease. 
 
Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Supervised exercise programs are beneficial because they can extend the limits of physical exercise relieve symptoms and bring general health positiveness to the patients with chronic lung diseases. 
 
Oxygen Therapy: This is mostly prescribed for the people with the chronic hypoxemia. The symptoms of long-term oxygen therapy treatment are mainly caused due to the increase in lung oxygenation and the strain on the right side of the heart that is reduced. 
 
Positive Airway Pressure Therapy: Among the conditions associated with OSA the respiratory function is enhanced by positive pressure airway therapy in the presence of sleep. 

Cardiology, General

• Use of Home Oxygen Therapy: Adopt well-kept and safe workplace regarding the use of the oxygen apparatus in order to avoid any unfortunate situations
• Avoidance of Respiratory Irritants: Reducing tobacco smoke and second hand smoke also. Reduce your exposure to odors to the strongest degree fumes and irritants of the respiratory system.
• Pulmonary Rehabilitation at Home: Trial as a condition with clinicians aiding the setting up of pulmonary rehabilitation exercises and techniques at home
• Fall Prevention: Get rid of long or extension cords as these can cause trips and falls. In the long run consider using the non-slip surfaces. Improve bathroom with grab bars and handrails all over. Particularly in the bathroom. 

Cardiology, General

Pulmonary Medicine

Albuterol: It acts on beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the airways, leading to smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. Albuterol relieves airway blockage in bronchoconstriction-related disorders such as asthma and COPD improving airflow and reducing respiratory discomfort. 

Cardiology, General

Pulmonary Medicine

Furosemide: It suppresses the reabsorption of both sodium and water into the renal tubule consequently diuresis takes place because of urine production increase. 
 
In cor pulmonale the right heart failure may lead to fluid retention. The resulting edema ascites and hepatomegaly are also the causes. Furosemide is used to promote diuresis and reduce fluid overload. 

Cardiology, General

Pulmonary Medicine

Epoprostenol: It acts as a vasodilator by increasing the levels of prostacyclin, which dilates blood vessels in the lungs, leading to a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance. 

Cardiology, General

Pulmonary Medicine

Epoprostenol: It acts as a vasodilator by increasing the levels of prostacyclin, which dilates blood vessels in the lungs, leading to a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance. 

Cardiology, General

Surgery, Cardiothoracic

Lung Transplantation: Lung transplant is exhibited in patients with chronic lung diseases i.e end-stage lung disease severe cor pulmonale condition  in which effective medical therapy becomes ineffectual. 
 
Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy: PTE is specified for patients with chronic thromboemobolic pulmonary hypertension and one of its most common complications is cor pulmonale. 
 
Lung Volume Reduction Surgery: In a limited number of some cor pulmonale that come with COPD lung volume surgery may be a corrective measure. 
 
Intravascular Catheter-Based Therapies: In special instances of pulmonary hypertension especially free radical chronic thromboembolic disorder intravascular catheter based therapies can be looked at. 
 
Cardiac Catheterization and Right Heart Catheterization: During the right heart catheterization the views regarding pulmonary pressures are often obtained to estimate the condition of the pulmonary hypertension. 

Cardiology, General

Pulmonary Medicine

Diagnostic Phase: Diagnosis of symptoms highly suggestive of cor pulmonale like fatigue dyspnea and any signs of right heart failure point towards the diagnosis of the pulmonary hypertension. 
 
Stabilization Phase: Initiation of care seeking plan to reduce symptoms and assigning a stable medical condition. 
 
Optimization Phase: In addition to these patients who were prescribed pulmonary rehabilitation programs can enjoy improved physical capacity and their overall quality of life. 
 
Lifestyle Modifications: Promotion of habit change which features stoppage of smoking regular exercises and the diet considered suitable for the heart health. 
 
Long-Term Management Phase: Current management of the entire group of chronic lung conditions that cause right-sided heart failure. 
 
Preventive Care: Enabling either specialized health care or preventive measures such as vaccinations which will minimize the risks of getting infected.