Workers and responders with high radiation exposure had numerous cases of HRIS. Risk of HRIS from intentional radioactive material releases requires prevention.

Higher doses above 1 Gy leads to increased severity of HRIS. Acute exposure occurs in HRIS compared to chronic exposure.

Children and older adults more at risk from radiation due to weaker immune systems. A lack of strong evidence shows gender differences in HRIS susceptibility, with potential radiation sensitivity variations.

Workers and responders with high radiation exposure had numerous cases of HRIS. Risk of HRIS from intentional radioactive material releases requires prevention. 

Higher doses above 1 Gy leads to increased severity of HRIS. Acute exposure occurs in HRIS compared to chronic exposure. 

Children and older adults more at risk from radiation due to weaker immune systems. A lack of strong evidence shows gender differences in HRIS susceptibility, with potential radiation sensitivity variations. 

Ionizing radiation causes DNA breaks in bone marrow stem and progenitor cells causes death and mutations. 

Cells activate DNA damage response mechanisms cell cycle arrest, repair pathways, and apoptosis for irreparable damage. 

Radiation affects hematopoietic stem cells proliferation and differentiation into blood cell lineages to reduce their function. 

Growth factors such as G-CSF and erythropoietin stimulate hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation. 

• Sources of Ionizing Radiation 
• Atomic Bombs 
• Radiological Terrorism 
• Nuclear Accidents 
• Dirty Bombs 
• Radiation Therapy 
• Occupational Exposure 

High-dose exposure results in severe HRIS, that increases mortality risk. 

Children and elder individuals at higher risk due to weak immunity. 

Medical intervention with growth factors, blood transfusions, and antibiotics improves outcomes. 

Specialized medical facilities and expertise manage radiation injuries for prognosis. 

Higher functional bone marrow post-exposure leads to better recovery prognosis. 

Gather information about prodromal, latent, illness phase, and recovery phase. 

• Respiratory examination 
• Musculoskeletal examination 
• Neurological examination 
• Cardiovascular examination 

Symptoms for prodromal phase as: 

Nausea/vomiting 

Diarrhea 

Fatigue/weakness 

Symptoms for latent phase as: 

Infections 

Bleeding 

Symptoms for illness phase 

Leukopenia 

Bone Marrow Suppression 

Thrombocytopenia 

Anemia 

Use granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to stimulate the production of neutrophils to reduce the duration of neutropenia. 

Use granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to stimulate white blood cell production. 

Use prophylactic antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections in patients with neutropenia. 

For patients at high risk of fungal infections use antifungals agent and   

for those at risk of viral infections use antivirals agent. 

Red blood cell transfusions are indicated to manage symptomatic anemia. 

Platelet transfusions are indicated to prevent bleeding in thrombocytopenia cases. 

Oncology, Other

Radiology

Isolate patients for protection and restrict access to minimize exposure. 

Follow mandatory adherence to hand hygiene for healthcare providers and visitors. 

Use HEPA filters to reduce airborne particles and lower infection risk efficiently. 

Maintain ventilation in patient rooms for air quality control. Prepare food properly to prevent foodborne infections.  

Create comfortable environment with temperature control, bedding, and pain management. 

Proper awareness about HRIS should be provided and its related causes with management strategies. 

Appointments with an oncologist and preventing recurrence of disorder is an ongoing life-long effort. 

Oncology, Other

Radiology

Filgrastim: 

It stimulates the production of neutrophils to help manage neutropenia. 

Sargramostim: 

It stimulates the production of white blood cells and supports overall hematopoiesis. 

Oncology, Other

Radiology

Fluconazole: 

It is used to prevent fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. 

Oncology, Other

Radiology

Metoclopramide:  

It is dopamine antagonist used to manage nausea and promote gastric motility. 

Oncology, Other

Radiology

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is considered in severe cases of bone marrow failure. 

Blood product transfusions include red blood cell and platelet transfusions. 

Oncology, Other

Radiology

In the initial assessment phase, evaluation of medical history, laboratory test, radiation exposure, and patient symptoms to confirm diagnosis. 

Pharmacologic therapy is effective in the treatment phase as it includes use of growth factor, antifungals, and anti-vomiting agents. 

In supportive care and management phase, patients should receive required attention such as lifestyle modification and intervention therapies. 

The regular follow-up visits with the oncologist are scheduled to check the improvement of patients along with treatment response.