Histoplasmosis is fungal infection which is occurs due to inhalation of histoplasma capsulatum spores. It is found in soil areas on which bird’s waste droppings is stored. 

These disturbed and spread spores are airborne and inhaled into lungs and it has mild or sometimes no symptoms and may resolves itself without treatment. 

Histoplasmosis is observed globally, and their incidence is based on various factors for e.g., change in climate and geographical dimension. 

Histoplasmosis is a prevalent endemic fungal infection in humans which affects around 250,000 people annually, with clinical symptoms  occurs in less than 5% of the total population. 

The disturbed location like construction, farming, or cleaning in such places it disrupts fungal environments.  

The host defence involves neutrophils and macrophages fungistatic properties, while T lymphocytes are important in stopping infection size, but impaired cellular host defences increase susceptibility. 

Histoplasma capsulatum is goes in nitrogen and organic matter-rich soil and histoplasmosis transmitted through inhalation of airborne spores. 

Large inoculum inhalation can cause diffuse pulmonary symptoms, cases of histoplasmosis are seen in patient taking infliximab drug. The reactivation or infection complications in immunocompromised individuals are usually noted by physicians. 

Immune status in histoplasmosis has prognosis in immunocompetent individuals have mild, asymptomatic infections and the underlying health conditions increase susceptibility to severe histoplasmosis and poorer prognosis for these patients. 

This fungal infection condition can occur in children of all ages including infants and young children.  

Respiratory system Examination 

Eye Examination 

Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis presents similarly to respiratory tract infection in immunocompetent individuals, and it can occur in severe patients with infections with subacute course of symptoms.  

In mild cases of histoplasmosis, the individuals is not required specific treatment and, in such cases, the keep them under observation with close follow-up in specific time intervals.  

In patients with moderate to severe disease, symptomatic infection then antifungal therapy is given.  

Appointments with medical physicians and preventing recurrence of infection is an ongoing life-long effort. 

Pulmonary Medicine

Clean and remove bird droppings from outdoor areas which includes roofs and surrounding area, and caution should take in activities which may spread fungal spores bird roosts. 

Good ventilation is maintained daily in indoor spaces to reduce contaminants of fungal spores.   

Pulmonary Medicine

Itraconazole: It has antifungal properties which inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol is a part of fungal cell membrane which causes fungal cell death.  

Liposomal amphotericin B: It is an antifungal agent which binds with ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane and disrupts membrane integrity and causes cell death.  

Pulmonary Medicine

Prednisone: It decreases hypersensitivity from Histoplasma infection, and it has high-dose steroids used in patients with extensive maculopathy. 

Pulmonary Medicine

Biopsy method is performed under medical surgeon. In which samples for histopathological examination is obtained. 

In bronchoscopy procedure surgeons should collect respiratory specimens from the lower airways for direct examination and fungal culture. 

Pulmonary Medicine

The diagnosis phase involves recognize symptoms shows of histoplasmosis and diagnostic testing may include laboratory tests to obtain diagnostic samples. 

After diagnosis, the next phase starts with antifungal drug therapy based on the severity of the disease and the immunity of patient. 

Inform patients on ways to prevent infections and what steps to take. To decrease the likelihood of recurrence, promote lifestyle changes such as minimizing infection sources.