Long COVID Patterns in the RECOVER-Adult Study
November 21, 2025
Background
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
INDUCTION-Heroin and Other Short-Acting Opioid Dependent Individuals::
buprenorphine sublingual
Day 1: 4mg sublingual initially
If withdrawal symptoms do not subside after two hours, try again. Do not exceed 8 mg
Day 2:
Without withdrawal symptoms-4mg sublingual initially with withdrawal symptoms-Increase, the dose by 4mg
Administer 4mg if symptoms are not relieved for more than 2 hours. Do not exceed 16mg sublingually
buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone)
Caution: Only individuals who are dependent on short-acting opioids (such as heroin) and not those who are addicted to long-acting opioids are eligible for buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) induction (e.g., methadone)
Day 1: 4mg/1mg sublingual or 2mg/0.5mg sublingual initially
Under supervision, one may titrate higher in 2-4 mg increments every two hours; the maximum dose is 8 mg/2 mg
Day 2: single daily dose up to 16mg/4mg sublingually
buprenorphine/naloxone (Zubsolv)
Caution: Only individuals who are dependent on short-acting opioids (such as heroin) and not those who are addicted to long-acting opioids are eligible for buprenorphine/naloxone (zubsolv) induction (e.g., methadone)
Day 1: 5.7mg/1.4mg sublingually in divided doses. Initiate with 1.4mg/0.36mg sublingually. Give the remaining dose from Day 1 of up. to 4.2 mg/1.08 mg in doses of 1 to 2 tablets of 1.4 mg/0.36 mg spaced 1.5 to 2 hours apart
Day 2: 8.4mg/1.4mg buccally as a single dose
MAINTENANCE
Suboxone
Target dose: 12-16mg/4mg buprenorphine/naloxone sublingually as a single dose
Range: 16-24mg buprenorphine. Do not exceed 32mg/day
Adjust buprenorphine/naloxone dosage gradually in increments or decreases of 2 mg/0.5 mg or 4 mg/1 mg to a level that keeps the patient in treatment and reduces the signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal
Bunavail
Target dose: 8.4mg/1.4mg as a single dose
Range: 2.1/0.3mg to 12.6/2.1mg
Adjust the dosage gradually in 2.1/0.3 mg increments or decrements to a level that keeps the patient in treatment and reduces the signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal
Zubsolv
Target dose: 11.4mg/2.9mg as a single dose
Range: 2.9/0.71mg to 17.2/4.2mg
Adjust the dosage gradually in 1.4/0.36 mg or 2.9/0.71mg increments or decrements to a level that keeps the patient in treatment and reduces the signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal
Cassipa
Once buprenorphine has been introduced and stabilised at a dosage of 16 mg, start taking 16 mg/4 mg sublingually once a day
Maximum dose: 16mg/4mg per day
Dose Adjustments
Hepatic impairment
Severe-Avoid usage
Moderate-Not appropriate use
Mild-No dosage adjustment needed
Renal impairment
Following IV injection of 0.3 mg of buprenorphine, there were no variations in the pharmacokinetics of the drug between the nine dialysis-dependent patients and the six healthy individuals
buprenorphine subdermal implantÂ
Four buprenorphine HCl implants each containing 80 mg of the drug are implanted in the upper arm for a six-month treatment period and they are extracted at the end of the sixth month
Dosage Considerations
Intended only for individuals who have developed a tolerance to opioids
For oral: take 25 mg initially, then observe for one hour, then 50 mg one time a day starting on second day
For Intramuscular: administer 380 mg in gluteal muscle each four weeks for maintenance of abstinence
The recommended dose is 20 and 40 mg taken orally
Maintenance dose: 60 to 90mg is taken every 3 times in a week
Future Trends
References

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