The Navigation Model of Therapy: Why Awareness Changes Everything
November 16, 2025
Background
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
Management of Overdose   :
Eye: Wash your eyes with water 
Consumption: Lavage and emesis 
ADRs with severe systemic effects: Physostigmine 
1g/kg,25-100g orally
Multiple-dose regimen:
25g orally every 2 hours or 50g orally every 4 hours without sorbitol
Not recommended for poisoning now
Presently, the medication of choice is activated charcoal
15-30 ml orally once
Repeat with 15 ml once again if emesis doesn’t occur within 20-30 minutes
Gastric lavage should be performed if vomiting doesn’t occur 30-45 minutes later the second dose
Intake of the syrup with 3-4 glasses of water
Indicated for overdose of calcium Channel Blocker
1-2 gm infused intravenously for 10-20 minutes
Repeat every 20 minutes as required for upto 5 doses
Indicated for an overdose of Beta-blocker
1000 mg bolus intravenously through a central line
Indicated for Opioid overdose:
As soon as possible, administer one spray (2.7 mg) intranasally into the nose.
If the patient does not respond or respiratory depression recurs after an initial reaction, provide extra doses using a fresh nasal spray.
Administer again in 2-5 minutes if necessary until medical help arrives.
Dose Adjustments
Dosage adjustment of partial agonist or a mixed agonist/antagonist
Partial agonists or mixed agonist/antagonist drugs (such as buprenorphine or pentazocine) may only partially reverse respiratory depression, necessitating repeated intranasal administration of nalmefene.
Not recommended for poisoning now
Presently, the medication of choice is activated charcoal
15-30 ml orally once
Repeat with 15 ml once again if emesis doesn’t occur within 20-30 minutes
Gastric lavage should be performed if vomiting doesn’t occur 30-45 minutes later the second dose
Intake of the syrup with 3-4 glasses of water
Indicated for valproic acid overdose
:
Starting dose of 100 mg/kg IV (not to exceed 6 g per dose) should be administered once
Additional doses of 15 mg/kg IV may be given every 4 hours, with a 30-minute infusion time
Management of Overdose   :
Eye: Wash your eyes with water 
Consumption: Lavage and emesis 
ADRs with severe systemic effects: Physostigmine 
Indicated for poisoning:
Aqueous solution
Infants- 1g/kg/dose orally. Repeat every 4-6hours
Children- 1g/kg/dose orally. Repeat every 4-6hours
Adults- 50-100gdose orally. Repeat every 4-6hours
Sorbitol suspension
Infants and children-Not indicated
Adults-50g orally as a single dose
Not recommended for childhood poisoning now
Presently, the medication of choice is activated charcoal
For 6-12 months- 5-10 ml once with half or one cup of water under medical supervision
For 1-12 years- 15 ml orally once with 1-2 glasses of water
Repeat with 15 ml once again if emesis doesn’t occur within 20-30 minutes
For more than 12 years- 15-30 ml orally once with 3-4 glasses of water
Repeat with 15 ml once again if emesis doesn’t occur within 20-30 minutes
Gastric lavage should be performed if vomiting doesn’t occur 30-45 minutes later the second dose
Intake of the syrup with 3-4 glasses of water
Indicated for Opioid overdose:
<12 years: Safety and efficacy not established
>12 years:
As soon as possible, administer one spray (2.7 mg) intranasally into the nose.
If the patient does not respond or respiratory depression returns after an initial reaction, provide extra doses using a fresh nasal spray.
Administer again in 2-5 minutes if necessary until medical help arrives.
Dose Adjustments
Dosage adjustment of partial agonist or a mixed agonist/antagonist
Partial agonists or mixed agonist/antagonist drugs (such as buprenorphine or pentazocine) may only partially reverse respiratory depression, necessitating repeated intranasal administration of nalmefene.
Not recommended for childhood poisoning now
Presently, the medication of choice is activated charcoal
For 6-12 months- 5-10 ml once with half or one cup of water under medical supervision
For 1-12 years- 15 ml orally once with 1-2 glasses of water
Repeat with 15 ml once again if emesis doesn’t occur within 20-30 minutes
For more than 12 years- 15-30 ml orally once with 3-4 glasses of water
Repeat with 15 ml once again if emesis doesn’t occur within 20-30 minutes
Gastric lavage should be performed if vomiting doesn’t occur 30-45 minutes later the second dose
Intake of the syrup with 3-4 glasses of water
Not recommended for childhood poisoning now
Presently, the medication of choice is activated charcoal
For 6-12 months- 5-10 ml once with half or one cup of water under medical supervision
For 1-12 years- 15 ml orally once with 1-2 glasses of water
Repeat with 15 ml once again if emesis doesn’t occur within 20-30 minutes
For more than 12 years- 15-30 ml orally once with 3-4 glasses of water
Repeat with 15 ml once again if emesis doesn’t occur within 20-30 minutes
Gastric lavage should be performed if vomiting doesn’t occur 30-45 minutes later the second dose
Intake of the syrup with 3-4 glasses of water
Not recommended for childhood poisoning now
Presently, the medication of choice is activated charcoal
For 6-12 months- 5-10 ml once with half or one cup of water under medical supervision
For 1-12 years- 15 ml orally once with 1-2 glasses of water
Repeat with 15 ml once again if emesis doesn’t occur within 20-30 minutes
For more than 12 years- 15-30 ml orally once with 3-4 glasses of water
Repeat with 15 ml once again if emesis doesn’t occur within 20-30 minutes
Gastric lavage should be performed if vomiting doesn’t occur 30-45 minutes later the second dose
Intake of the syrup with 3-4 glasses of water
Indicated for methotrexate poisoning
:
Give as soon as necessary and within 24 hours if methotrexate level is >10-6 M or 48-hour level is >9 x 10-7 M, leucovorin dose should be raised to 100 mg/m2 intravenous every three hours until methotrexate level is below 10-8 M
High Dose of Methotrexate Rescue
10 mg/m2 Intravenous 4 times a day for 10 doses; begins 24 hours following the methotrexate injection
May give orally after 1st intravenous dose
Dose Adjustments
urinary alkalinization of Hydration (3 litres per day) with Na2CO3 solution should be used concomitantly; the dosage of the bicarbonate solution should be adjusted to the urine's pH at 7.0 or higher
Future Trends
References

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