Penile carcinoma is a rare type of cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most prevalent kind of penile malignancy. However, nonsquamous penile malignant neoplasms such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, sarcomas, and adenosquamous carcinoma also occur.
Epidemiology
Penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy in the Western community. It accounts for fewer than 1% of male malignancies in the United States, with around 2300 new cases and 400 fatalities annually. It is more widespread in developing countries such as South America, Africa, and Asia. Penile cancer accounts for up to 10% to 20% of all malignancies in males.
The greater risk in these places might be attributed to changes in hygiene habits and an increase in the proportion of uncircumcised boys. The condition relates to advanced age, and the incidence increases with age. The average age of diagnosis is around 60 years.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Penile malignancies usually start as tiny lesions on the glans or prepuce. The look varies widely. Others might be flat, reddish-colored, and ulcerated masses that appear as white, grey exophytic masses growing from the penile skin.
These lesions spread laterally over the surface of the penile skin, frequently covering the complete glans or prepuce before infecting the shaft of the penis and corpora. The growth rates of exophytic and ulcerative lesions are comparable, although ulcerative lesions seem to metastasize to lymph nodes quicker.
Penile lymphatics drain the shaft and the glans penis, with drainage progressing first to the superficial inguinal lymph node, then to the deep inguinal lymph nodes, and finally to the external iliac lymph node in the pelvis.
Etiology
The incidence of penile cancer varies and is linked to diverse variables. Clinicians have identified risk factors such as phimosis, chronic inflammation, balanitis, penile trauma, tobacco use, a failure of neonatal circumcision, lichen sclerosis, a history of sexually transmitted infections, including HSV and HIV, and poor hygiene.
Neonatal circumcision has been linked to decreased risks of penile cancer and has been proven to be an effective preventative technique that can eradicate the development of penile carcinoma. This is because it disrupts the enclosed preputial habitat where penile cancer develops.
This helps to prevent persistent smegma irritation, which can develop into chronic inflammation, a known risk factor for penile cancer. It also eliminates the risk of balanitis and phimosis. Patients with a history of phimosis have a 25% to 60% greater chance of developing penile cancer. Male circumcision has proven to protect against HIV-1 infection.
Sexually transmitted illnesses, including HPV and HIV, have also been linked to the formation of penile cancer. Patients living with HIV are eight times more likely to develop penile cancer. HPV is responsible for 45 to 80% of penile malignancies. Men with a history of phimosis are more likely to have high-risk HPV.
A positive HPV status may indicate increased cancer susceptibility to radiation treatment and a better prognosis. Tobacco usage is the last risk factor to consider. Cigarette smokers are three to four times as likely than nonsmokers to get penile cancer.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
After surgical treatment, patients with stage I or II malignancies still restricted to the penis have a 5-year survival rate of roughly 85%. Cancers in stages III and IV have a five-year survival rate of roughly 59%. If cancer has spread to other body regions, the five-year survival rate is only 11%.
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
Future Trends
Media Gallary
References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499930/
News
Octopus-Inspired Patches Might Be A Pain-Free Alternative to Injections
Posted on
News
Feminist Cancer Care Approach Aims to Save 800,000 Lives Annually
Posted on
News
Breast Lifts Soar in Popularity Among Women
Posted on
News
Researchers Raise Concern on Alcohol Promotion in Sports
Penile carcinoma is a rare type of cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most prevalent kind of penile malignancy. However, nonsquamous penile malignant neoplasms such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, sarcomas, and adenosquamous carcinoma also occur.
Penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy in the Western community. It accounts for fewer than 1% of male malignancies in the United States, with around 2300 new cases and 400 fatalities annually. It is more widespread in developing countries such as South America, Africa, and Asia. Penile cancer accounts for up to 10% to 20% of all malignancies in males.
The greater risk in these places might be attributed to changes in hygiene habits and an increase in the proportion of uncircumcised boys. The condition relates to advanced age, and the incidence increases with age. The average age of diagnosis is around 60 years.
Penile malignancies usually start as tiny lesions on the glans or prepuce. The look varies widely. Others might be flat, reddish-colored, and ulcerated masses that appear as white, grey exophytic masses growing from the penile skin.
These lesions spread laterally over the surface of the penile skin, frequently covering the complete glans or prepuce before infecting the shaft of the penis and corpora. The growth rates of exophytic and ulcerative lesions are comparable, although ulcerative lesions seem to metastasize to lymph nodes quicker.
Penile lymphatics drain the shaft and the glans penis, with drainage progressing first to the superficial inguinal lymph node, then to the deep inguinal lymph nodes, and finally to the external iliac lymph node in the pelvis.
The incidence of penile cancer varies and is linked to diverse variables. Clinicians have identified risk factors such as phimosis, chronic inflammation, balanitis, penile trauma, tobacco use, a failure of neonatal circumcision, lichen sclerosis, a history of sexually transmitted infections, including HSV and HIV, and poor hygiene.
Neonatal circumcision has been linked to decreased risks of penile cancer and has been proven to be an effective preventative technique that can eradicate the development of penile carcinoma. This is because it disrupts the enclosed preputial habitat where penile cancer develops.
This helps to prevent persistent smegma irritation, which can develop into chronic inflammation, a known risk factor for penile cancer. It also eliminates the risk of balanitis and phimosis. Patients with a history of phimosis have a 25% to 60% greater chance of developing penile cancer. Male circumcision has proven to protect against HIV-1 infection.
Sexually transmitted illnesses, including HPV and HIV, have also been linked to the formation of penile cancer. Patients living with HIV are eight times more likely to develop penile cancer. HPV is responsible for 45 to 80% of penile malignancies. Men with a history of phimosis are more likely to have high-risk HPV.
A positive HPV status may indicate increased cancer susceptibility to radiation treatment and a better prognosis. Tobacco usage is the last risk factor to consider. Cigarette smokers are three to four times as likely than nonsmokers to get penile cancer.
After surgical treatment, patients with stage I or II malignancies still restricted to the penis have a 5-year survival rate of roughly 85%. Cancers in stages III and IV have a five-year survival rate of roughly 59%. If cancer has spread to other body regions, the five-year survival rate is only 11%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499930/
medtigo
Penile Cancer
Updated :
October 21, 2022
Penile carcinoma is a rare type of cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most prevalent kind of penile malignancy. However, nonsquamous penile malignant neoplasms such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, sarcomas, and adenosquamous carcinoma also occur.
Penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy in the Western community. It accounts for fewer than 1% of male malignancies in the United States, with around 2300 new cases and 400 fatalities annually. It is more widespread in developing countries such as South America, Africa, and Asia. Penile cancer accounts for up to 10% to 20% of all malignancies in males.
The greater risk in these places might be attributed to changes in hygiene habits and an increase in the proportion of uncircumcised boys. The condition relates to advanced age, and the incidence increases with age. The average age of diagnosis is around 60 years.
Penile malignancies usually start as tiny lesions on the glans or prepuce. The look varies widely. Others might be flat, reddish-colored, and ulcerated masses that appear as white, grey exophytic masses growing from the penile skin.
These lesions spread laterally over the surface of the penile skin, frequently covering the complete glans or prepuce before infecting the shaft of the penis and corpora. The growth rates of exophytic and ulcerative lesions are comparable, although ulcerative lesions seem to metastasize to lymph nodes quicker.
Penile lymphatics drain the shaft and the glans penis, with drainage progressing first to the superficial inguinal lymph node, then to the deep inguinal lymph nodes, and finally to the external iliac lymph node in the pelvis.
The incidence of penile cancer varies and is linked to diverse variables. Clinicians have identified risk factors such as phimosis, chronic inflammation, balanitis, penile trauma, tobacco use, a failure of neonatal circumcision, lichen sclerosis, a history of sexually transmitted infections, including HSV and HIV, and poor hygiene.
Neonatal circumcision has been linked to decreased risks of penile cancer and has been proven to be an effective preventative technique that can eradicate the development of penile carcinoma. This is because it disrupts the enclosed preputial habitat where penile cancer develops.
This helps to prevent persistent smegma irritation, which can develop into chronic inflammation, a known risk factor for penile cancer. It also eliminates the risk of balanitis and phimosis. Patients with a history of phimosis have a 25% to 60% greater chance of developing penile cancer. Male circumcision has proven to protect against HIV-1 infection.
Sexually transmitted illnesses, including HPV and HIV, have also been linked to the formation of penile cancer. Patients living with HIV are eight times more likely to develop penile cancer. HPV is responsible for 45 to 80% of penile malignancies. Men with a history of phimosis are more likely to have high-risk HPV.
A positive HPV status may indicate increased cancer susceptibility to radiation treatment and a better prognosis. Tobacco usage is the last risk factor to consider. Cigarette smokers are three to four times as likely than nonsmokers to get penile cancer.
After surgical treatment, patients with stage I or II malignancies still restricted to the penis have a 5-year survival rate of roughly 85%. Cancers in stages III and IV have a five-year survival rate of roughly 59%. If cancer has spread to other body regions, the five-year survival rate is only 11%.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499930/
Free CME credits
Both our subscription plans include Free CME/CPD AMA PRA Category 1 credits.
Digital Certificate PDF
On course completion, you will receive a full-sized presentation quality digital certificate.
medtigo Simulation
A dynamic medical simulation platform designed to train healthcare professionals and students to effectively run code situations through an immersive hands-on experience in a live, interactive 3D environment.
medtigo Points
medtigo points is our unique point redemption system created to award users for interacting on our site. These points can be redeemed for special discounts on the medtigo marketplace as well as towards the membership cost itself.
Community Forum post/reply = 5 points
*Redemption of points can occur only through the medtigo marketplace, courses, or simulation system. Money will not be credited to your bank account. 10 points = $1.
All Your Certificates in One Place
When you have your licenses, certificates and CMEs in one place, it's easier to track your career growth. You can easily share these with hospitals as well, using your medtigo app.
