Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation of air sacs in lungs. It is caused due to organisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. 

The vaccines are developed against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B to prevent pneumonia. 

Septicemia plaque is a life-threatening condition when infection response damages body tissues and organs. 

Septic shock causes low blood pressure, organ failure, and death due to infection complications. The source of infection includes the lungs, urinary tract, abdomen, and skin. 

Pneumonia is a major cause of illness and death globally. Pneumonia causes 15% of deaths in children below five years old.  

Pneumonia is a major cause for hospitalization and death in adult. Pneumonia prevalence is higher in low and middle-income countries due to poor healthcare infrastructure. 

Sepsis seen in millions of individuals globally to cause death and disability. Sepsis required ICU admissions and high healthcare costs due to its severity. 

Inhaled, aspirated, or spread infectious agents cause pneumonia. Pathogens infect alveoli in tiny lung sacs. 

Alveolar macrophages release inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. Neutrophils release enzymes and oxygen to kill pathogens and tissues. 

Inflammatory mediators activate endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability and fluid leakage into tissues. 

• Causes of pneumonia and septicemia are: 
• Bacterial infection 
• Viral infection 
• Fungal infection 
• Respiratory Tract Infections 
• Urinary Tract Infections 
• Abdominal Infections 

• The various prognostic factors are: 
• Age 
• Comorbidities 
• Severity of Illness 
• Source and Type of Infection 
• Clinical Scores and Biomarkers 

Gather information including presenting symptoms, medical/social history of patient. 

• Respiratory examination  
• Skin examination  
• Cardiovascular Examination 
• Respiratory Examination 

Acute symptoms in pneumonia are: 

• High Fever 
• Cough 
• Dyspnea 
• Pleuritic Chest Pain 

Acute symptoms in septicemia are: 

• Altered Mental Status 
• Tachypnea and Tachycardia 
• Hypotension 
• Chills and Rigors 

Severe Fatigue and Weakness 

Inpatient treatment may include ceftriaxone plus azithromycin or fluoroquinolone. 

Antibiotics agent indicated for bacterial pneumonia. Many patients feel better after one to three days of antibiotic treatment. 

Antifungal agents are prescribed in cases of fungal pneumonia. Over-the-counter medicines are indicated to treat fever and muscle pain. 

Administer fluids aggressively within 3 hours for perfusion. If hypotension persists, use norepinephrine as first-choice vasopressor. 

Antibiotic therapy initiated ideally within the first hour of sepsis diagnosis.  

Low-dose corticosteroids suggested septic shock unresponsive to fluid and vasopressors. 

Pulmonary Medicine

Improve air flow in the room of patient to decrease airborne pathogens. 

Maintain indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers to reduce pollutants. 

Regularly clean hospital rooms to protect high-risk patients. Proper central line care lowers catheter infection risk. 

Proper awareness about pneumonia and plaque should be provided and its related causes with management strategies. 

Appointments with a physician and preventing recurrence of disorder is an ongoing life-long effort. 

Infectious Disease

Pulmonary Medicine

Azithromycin: 

It binds to 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible microorganisms and blocks dissociation of peptidyl tRNA. 

Levofloxacin: 

It inhibits DNA gyrase activity to promote breakage of DNA strands. 

Infectious Disease

Pulmonary Medicine

Norepinephrine: 

It increases cardiac output and heart rate to decrease renal perfusion. 

Infectious Disease

Pulmonary Medicine

Bronchoscopy is performed in situations including: 

If there is an obstruction, if there is a need to remove foreign bodies, or to collect samples for culture 

Infectious Disease

Pulmonary Medicine

In the initial assessment phase, evaluation of patient history, physical examination, and laboratory test to confirm diagnosis. 

Pharmacologic therapy is effective in the treatment phase as it includes use of antibiotics and vasopressor agents. 

In supportive care and management phase, patients should receive required attention such as lifestyle modification and intervention therapies. 

The regular follow-up visits with the physician are scheduled to check the improvement of patients along with treatment response.