Performance Comparison of Microfluidic and Immunomagnetic Platforms for Pancreatic CTC Enrichment
November 15, 2025
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Brand Name :
Zynrelef
Synonyms :
bupivacaine and meloxicam
Class :
Local Anesthetics, Parenteral; NSAIDs
Brand Name :
Zynrelef
Synonyms :
bupivacaine and meloxicam
Class :
Local Anesthetics, Parenteral; NSAIDs
Indicated for Postoperative Analgesia
:
surgical procedures of foot and ankle
Not exceeding 2.3 mL (meloxicam 1.8 mg/bupivacaine 60 mg)
open abdominal procedures from small-to-medium
Not exceeding 10.5 mL (meloxicam 9 mg/bupivacaine 300 mg)
Total joint arthroplasty surgical procedures in lower extremity
Not exceeding 14 mL (meloxicam 12 mg/bupivacaine 400 mg)
Dose Adjustments
Avoid local anesthetics within 96 hr after administration
Due to potential risk of chondrolysis, limit exposure to articular cartilage
Safety and efficacy not established
Consider dose reduction, particularly in those with reduced renal or hepatic function
Actions and spectrum:
bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that works by blocking the transmission of pain signals along nerve fibers. It is commonly used for regional pain management during surgical procedures, obstetrical procedures, and other painful conditions.
meloxicam comes under nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat inflammation and pain caused by various conditions, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It works by blocking the production of certain prostaglandins, which are compounds involved in pain and inflammation.
Frequency defined:
10%
Total knee arthroplasty
Hypertension (19%)
Vomiting (26%)
Pyrexia (14%)
Constipation (24%)
Nausea (50%)
Bunionectomy
Headache (13%)
Incision site erythema (13%)
Incision site edema (17%)
Dizziness (22%)
Herniorrhaphy H4
1-10%
Bunionectomy
Impaired healing (6%)
Incision site cellulitis (4%)
Incision site infection (3%)
Bradycardia (8%)
Muscle twitching (6%)
Wound dehiscence (4%)
Herniorrhaphy
Dysgeusia (9%)
Skin odor abnormal (8%)
Bradycardia (9%)
Total knee arthroplasty
Pruritus (7%)
Headache (7%)
Hyperhidrosis (5%)
Hypotension (5%)
Anemia (5%)
Leukocytosis (7%)
Black box warning
bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that can cause serious and life-threatening adverse reactions, particularly when used in high doses or in certain populations, such as elderly patients or those with liver disease. Side effects of bupivacaine include heart rhythm abnormalities, seizures, and respiratory depression.
Meloxicam comes under nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, heart attack, and stroke. Other potential side effects of meloxicam include kidney problems, liver problems, and fluid retention.
Contraindications
bupivacaine
meloxicam
Cautions
bupivacaine
meloxicam
Comorbidities
bupivacaine
Pregnancy consideration:
US FDA pregnancy category: Not assigned
Lactation: safety and efficacy not established
Pregnancy category:
Category A: Satisfactory and well-controlled studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester.
Category B: There is no evidence of risk to the fetus found in animal reproduction studies and there are not enough studies on pregnant women.
Category C: Adverse effects on the fetus found with evidence in animal reproduction studies and no adequate evidence for an effect in humans, care must be taken for potential risks in pregnant women
Category D: There is adequate data available with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite potential risks may be used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh risks over benefits These category drugs should be prohibited for pregnant women.
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category.
Pharmacology:
bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that works by blocking the transmission of pain signals at the site of injection. It is used to produce local or regional anesthesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures. Bupivacaine works by blocking sodium channels in nerve fibers, preventing the transmission of pain impulses.
Meloxicam is the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that acts by reducing the production of prostaglandins, which are substances in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Meloxicam is used to treat pain and inflammation associated with various conditions, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and menstrual cramps.
Pharmcodynamics
bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that acts on the nerve fibers by blocking the sodium channels. This blocking of sodium channels prevents the transmission of pain impulses, producing a local or regional anesthesia. The duration of action of bupivacaine depends on the dose and the route of administration but lasts for several hours.
meloxicam is the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that acts by reducing the production of prostaglandins, which are substances in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Meloxicam selectively inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, which is involved in the production of prostaglandins. By reducing the production of prostaglandins, meloxicam relieves inflammation and pain associated with various conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and menstrual cramps.
Pharmacokinetics:
bupivacaine:
Absorption: bupivacaine is administered by injection, and its pharmacokinetics are dependent on the route of administration. Bupivacaine is rapidly absorbed following intravenous or subcutaneous injection, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 15-30 minutes.
Distribution: bupivacaine is highly protein-bound, and its distribution is dependent on its binding to plasma proteins.
Metabolism: bupivacaine is metabolized primarily in the liver, with the majority of the drug being eliminated as inactive metabolites in the urine.
Elimination: The elimination half-life of bupivacaine is 2-4 hours, with the drug being eliminated primarily in the urine.
meloxicam:
Absorption: meloxicam is well absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 2-4 hours.
Distribution: meloxicam is highly protein-bound, and its distribution is dependent on its binding to plasma proteins.
Metabolism: meloxicam is metabolized primarily in the liver, with most of the drug being eliminated as inactive metabolites in the feces.
Elimination: The elimination half-life of meloxicam is 20-25 hours, with the drug being eliminated primarily in the feces.
Administration:
bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that is administered by injection. It can be given intravenously (into a vein) or subcutaneously (under the skin) for pain management during procedures such as surgical operations, dental procedures, or childbirth. The dose and frequency of bupivacaine administration depend on the specific procedure and the patient’s individual needs.
meloxicam is the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain and inflammation. It is administered orally in the form of a tablet or capsule and is taken with or without food, usually once daily. The dose of meloxicam varies depending on the individual’s condition and response to treatment, but the maximum recommended daily dose is 15 mg.
Patient information leaflet
Generic Name: bupivacaine and meloxicam
Pronounced: ( byoo-PIV-a-kane-and-mel-OKS-i-kam )
Why do we use bupivacaine and meloxicam?
The combination of bupivacaine and meloxicam is used for postoperative pain management. Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic that is used to numb specific areas of the body during surgery or medical procedures.
It provides temporary pain relief by blocking nerve signals in the affected area. On the other hand, meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that helps reduce pain, inflammation, and swelling. When used together, bupivacaine and meloxicam provide a more comprehensive approach to pain management, helping to control both immediate postoperative pain and inflammation at the surgical site.
The combination is often used in orthopedic and dental surgeries to improve patient comfort during the recovery period.
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