elderberry

Action and Spectrum

Actions and Spectrum: 

elderberry is a fruit from the elder tree known for its potential health benefits. elderberry has been traditionally used for treating flu and cold symptoms, and recent research has suggested that it may have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. 

The active components in elderberry are flavonoids, including anthocyanins, responsible for their purple-black color. These flavonoids may help to boost the immune system by increasing the production of cytokines, which are proteins that help to regulate the immune response. elderberry also contains vitamins A, B, and C, which can help to support the immune system. 

Research has shown that elderberry may be effective against some strains of the flu virus. It may help to reduce the severity and duration of flu symptoms, such as fever, headache, and muscle aches. elderberry may also have anti-inflammatory properties that can help to reduce swelling and pain. 

In addition to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, elderberry may also have antioxidant properties, which can help to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals and it can damage cells and contribute to aging and disease. 

elderberry has many potential health benefits, including boosting the immune system, reducing inflammation, and protecting cells from damage. However, further research studies are needed to understand its effects and determine the optimal dosage and duration of use. 

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Frequency not defined 

Vomiting  

Nausea 

Black Box Warning

Black Box Warning: 

elderberry is generally considered safe when used in recommended doses. However, there are some potential side effects and interactions to be aware of, as well as a black box warning for elderberry syrup. 

The black box warning is related to the potential for elderberry syrup to cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. The warning suggests that people with known allergies to elderberry or related plants, such as birch, ragweed, or chrysanthemums, should avoid using elderberry products. Symptoms of an allergic reaction might include itching, swelling, difficulty breathing, and anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction. 

In addition to the black box warning, elderberry may interact with certain medications, such as immunosuppressants, diuretics, and diabetes medications. Talking to a healthcare provider before taking elderberry if you are on any medications is essential. 

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindication/Caution: 

Contraindication 

elderberry is generally considered safe when used in recommended doses. However, there are some contraindications to be aware of when using elderberry. 

• Allergies: elderberry may cause an allergic reaction in some individuals, particularly those allergic to other plants in the same family as elderberries, such as birch, ragweed, or chrysanthemums. People with known allergies to elderberry or related plants should avoid using elderberry products. 
• Autoimmune diseases: elderberry may stimulate the immune system, potentially worsening symptoms in people with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or multiple sclerosis. 
• Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is limited research on the safety of elderberry during pregnancy and breastfeeding. While some studies suggest that elderberry may be safe, avoiding using it during pregnancy and breastfeeding is recommended due to the lack of conclusive evidence. 
• Medications: elderberry may interact with certain medications, including immunosuppressants, diuretics, and diabetes medications. Talking to a healthcare provider before taking elderberry if you are on any medications is essential. 
• Children: elderberry supplements are not recommended for children under 1. For older children, it is essential to use age-appropriate doses and consult with a healthcare provider before use. 
• Kidney disease: elderberry contains high potassium levels, which can harm people with kidney disease. It is recommended to avoid elderberry if you have kidney disease or to consult with a healthcare provider before use. 

Caution 

While elderberry is generally considered safe when used in recommended doses, there are some cautions to be aware of: 

• Raw and unripe elderberries: Eating raw or unripe elderberries can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea due to toxic compounds. It is essential to cook berries before consumption to remove the toxic compounds. 
• Quality and potency: elderberry supplements are not regulated by the FDA, and the quality and potency of these products may vary. Choosing elderberry supplements from reputable sources and following recommended dosages is recommended. 
• Interactions with medications: elderberry may interact with certain medications, including immunosuppressants, diuretics, and diabetes medications. Talking to a healthcare provider before taking elderberry if you are on any medications is essential. 
• Allergies: elderberry may cause an allergic reaction in some individuals, particularly those allergic to other plants in the same family as elderberries, such as birch, ragweed, or chrysanthemums. 
• Gastrointestinal symptoms: elderberry may cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, especially when taken in large doses. These symptoms are generally mild and temporary. 
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: While some studies suggest that elderberry may be safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it is recommended to avoid using elderberry during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to the lack of conclusive evidence. 
• Children: elderberry supplements are not recommended for children under 1. For older children, it is essential to use age-appropriate doses and consult with a healthcare provider before use. 

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy consideration:  

Pregnancy Category: N/A 

Lactation: N/A 

Pregnancy category: 

• Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies do not show risk to the fetus in the first/later trimester.        
• Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women        
• Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.       
• Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.        
• Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.        
• Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category 

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: 

The pharmacology of elderberry is not well understood, but it is believed to be due to the presence of various bioactive compounds, including: 

• Anthocyanins: These are plant pigments that give elderberries their dark purple color. They are potent antioxidants that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting effects. 
• Flavonoids: These compounds in many plants have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids found in elderberry include quercetin and rutin. 
• Triterpenoids: These compounds are believed to have antiviral and immune-modulating effects. Triterpenoids found in elderberry include betulin and ursolic acid. 
• Vitamin C: Elderberries are a good source of vitamin C, which is vital for immune function and antioxidant protection. 
• Fiber: Elderberries are also a good source of fiber, which is essential for digestive health. 

The pharmacological effects of elderberry are thought to include immune modulation, antioxidant protection, anti-inflammatory effects, and antiviral activity. These effects may help support overall health and well-being, particularly during cold and flu season. However, further research studies are needed to understand the pharmacology of elderberry and its potential health benefits. Talking to a healthcare provider before using elderberry is essential, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are on any medications. 

Pharmacodynamics: 

Mechanism of action: The action of this substance involves its antioxidant properties, which protect against free radicals and cellular aging. It contains flavonoids, which exhibit therapeutic activity. elderberry extract can also reduce the damaging effects of LDL cholesterol. 

Clinical studies have demonstrated its efficacy in treating and reducing symptoms, as well as the prophylaxis of colds, flu, cough, and mouth ulcers. 

Pharmacokinetics: 

Absorption 

elderberry compounds, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, are believed to be absorbed in the small intestine and enter the bloodstream. 

Distribution 

elderberry compounds have been detected in various tissues and organs, including the liver, kidneys, spleen, and lungs. 

Metabolism 

elderberry compounds may undergo metabolism in the liver, breaking down into various metabolites. The specific metabolic pathways of elderberry compounds need to be better understood. 

Elimination and Excretion 

The excretion of elderberry compounds may occur through urine and feces, although the specific excretion pathways still need to be better understood. 

Adminstartion

Administration: 

elderberry can be generally consumed in several forms, including fresh or dried berries, syrups, tinctures, capsules, and teas. Here are some guidelines for administration: 

• Fresh or dried berries: Elderberries can be cooked and made into various foods and beverages, including jams, jellies, syrups, and teas. It is essential to cook berries before consumption to remove the toxic compounds. 
• Syrups and tinctures: elderberry syrups and tinctures are commonly used to support the immune system during cold and flu season. They can be taken directly by mouth or added to beverages. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage on the product label. 
• Capsules: elderberry capsules are a convenient way to consume elderberry. It is crucial to choose capsules from reputable sources and follow recommended dosages. 
• Tea: elderberry tea can be made from fresh or dried elderberries or pre-packaged tea bags. Following the recommended steeping time and dosage on the product label is essential. 

Talking to a healthcare provider before taking elderberry is essential, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are on any medications. Choosing elderberry supplements from reputable sources and following recommended dosages is also recommended. 

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: elderberry 

Why do we use elderberry? 

elderberry has been traditionally used for a variety of health purposes, and some of the most common uses include: 

• Immune support: elderberry is believed to support the immune system, particularly during cold and flu season. It is generally used as a natural remedy to help prevent or reduce the duration and severity of respiratory infections. 
• Anti-inflammatory properties: elderberry contains compounds that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, which may help reduce pain and swelling associated with conditions such as arthritis. 
• Antioxidant properties: elderberry is rich in antioxidant, which may help protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. 
• Cold and flu symptoms: elderberry is commonly used to reduce the symptoms of colds and flu, such as fever, cough, congestion, and sore throat. 
• Digestive health: elderberry might help improve digestive health and reduce inflammation in the gut. 
• Skin health: elderberry has been used topically to help soothe and improve skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis. 

It is important to note that while elderberry has been traditionally used for these purposes, more research is needed to understand its potential health benefits and determine its effectiveness fully. It is also essential to talk to a healthcare provider before using elderberry, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are on any medications.