Performance Comparison of Microfluidic and Immunomagnetic Platforms for Pancreatic CTC Enrichment
November 15, 2025
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Brand Name :
Elepsia, Keppra, Keppra XR, Spritam
Synonyms :
N/A
Class :
Anticonvulsants; Antiepileptic agents
Brand Name :
Elepsia, Keppra, Keppra XR, Spritam
Synonyms :
N/A
Class :
Anticonvulsants; Antiepileptic agents
Dosage forms & Strengths:
Adult:
Tablet
250 mg
500 mg
750 mg
1000 mg
Capsule
125 mg
250 mg
500 mg
Injectable solution
5 mg/ml
10 mg/ml
15 mg/ml
100 mg/ml
Oral solution
100 mg/ml
IR:
500 mg IV/oral 2 times a day
Depending on effectiveness and tolerance, increase dosage twice daily in increments of 500 mg every two weeks
500 to 1500 mg intravenously or orally twice day for maintenance
3000 mg/day is the maximum dosage
ER: (Only for Partial-Onset Seizures)
1000 mg once daily orally
On the basis of effectiveness and tolerability, increase in 1000 mg increments every two weeks
1000–3000 mg taken orally once day as a maintenance dosage
3000 mg/day is the maximum dosage
ER: (Only for Partial-Onset Seizures)
1000 mg once daily orally
On the basis of effectiveness and tolerability, increase in 1000 mg
increments every two weeks
1000–3000 mg taken orally once day as a maintenance dosage
3000 mg/day is the maximum dosage
IR:
500 mg IV/oral 2 times a day
Depending on effectiveness and tolerance, increase dosage twice daily in increments of 500 mg every two weeks
500 to 1500 mg intravenously or orally twice day for maintenance
3000 mg/day is the maximum dosage
IR tablets are recommended as a monotherapy or adjunctive treatment for patients with partial-onset seizures
Age (1-6 months): 7 mg/kg orally 2 times a day; increase by 7 mg/kg every 12 hours every 2 weeks to the recommended dose of 21 mg/kg every 12 hours
Age (6 months-4 yrs): 10 mg/kg orally 2 times a day; increase by 10 mg/kg every 12 hours every two weeks
Age (4-16 yrs): 10 mg/kg orally 2 times a day; increase by 10 mg/kg/dose every two weeks to 30 mg/kg orally 2 times a day
Age (>16 years): 500 mg orally 2 times a day; increase by 500 mg orally 2 times a day every two weeks
The potential for CNS depression may enhanced when levetiracetam is used together with fencamfamin
When levetiracetam is used together with levosulpiride, the risk or seriousness of CNS depression is enhanced
may increase the serum concentration of methotrexate
may increase the serum concentration of trimetrexate
by altering the gastrointestinal absorption, the concentration of cyanocobalamin may be reduced with levetiracetam
Actions and Spectrum
The exact mechanism of action is still not completely understood. However, the main action is believed to occur through binding specifically to the synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A). SV2A is a part of the secretory vesicle membrane machinery that releases transmitters through calcium-dependent vesicular mode. By binding to SV2A it is believed to slow down the process of vesicle release.
Adverse Reaction
>10%:
Asthenia
Headache
Infection
Increased blood pressure
Somnolence
Drowsiness
1-10%:
Viral infection
Hostility
Paresthesia
Sinusitis
Diplopia
Amblyopia
Conjunctivitis
Albuminuria
<1%:
Dyskinesia
Eczema
Neutropenia
Decreased hematocrit
Leukopenia
Black Box Warning
None
Contraindication/Caution
Hypersensitivity
Pregnancy/Lactation
Pregnancy consideration:
No adequate information available regarding usage in pregnant women
Breastfeeding warnings:
It is excreted in breastmilk and the distribution in breastmilk is unknown
Pregnancy category:
Pharmacology
It is used to exhibit its antiepileptic effect upon its binding to synaptic vesicle protein 2A, thereby influencing neurotransmission and stabilizing fluctuations in neuronal excitability.
Pharmacodynamics
It selectively binds to synaptic vesicle protein 2A which is involved in the release of neurotransmitters.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
It has been found to be quickly absorbed with an outstanding high bioavailability of 96%. Following the oral administration, peak plasma concentration is normally observed at one-hour post-injection. In situations where oral intake is not possible, the intravenous formulation is employed and leads to the highest Tmax within 5 to 15 minutes.
Distribution
The active drug levetiracetam has less than 10% protein binding affinity and this does not come in competition very much with other drug binding sites for protein. It goes through little metabolism since nearly 66% of it is excreted unchanged through the kidneys.
Metabolism
It undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis to form pharmacologically inactive metabolites. The numbers of hepatic cytochromes P450 enzymes are very low(2.5%).
Elimination and Excretion
The plasma half-life varies from 6 to 8 hours whereas in elderly patients this period can be prolonged by 2 to 3 hours. In patients suffering from kidney disease the dose adjustments are required. This consequently leads to lower pharmacokinetic interactions because there is no substantial protein binding and minimal hepatic metabolism.
Administration
It is administered intravenously or orally
Patient Information Leaflet
Patient information leaflet
Generic Name: levetiracetam
Pronounced: lev-e-tiracet-am
Why do we use levetiracetam?
It is a newly developed anticonvulsant used in combination with other medications for treatment of partial onset and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in epileptic patients.
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