oxiconazole

Action and Spectrum

Actions and Spectrum: 

oxiconazole is an antifungal medication used topically to treat various fungal skin infections, like athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm. It belongs to the imidazole class of antifungal drugs and exerts its action by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. 

The spectrum of activity of oxiconazole primarily includes dermatophytes (such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton species) and yeasts (such as Candida albicans). It is effective against both superficial and systemic fungal infections caused by these organisms. 

oxiconazole interferes with the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of the fungal cell membrane. Ergosterol is necessary for maintaining the fungal cell membrane’s structural integrity and normal functioning. By inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, oxiconazole disrupts the fungal cell membrane, leading to leakage of cellular contents and ultimately causing the death of the fungal organism. 

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Frequency defined 

1-10% 

Burning (1-2%) 

Pruritus (1-2%) 

<1% 

Erythema 

Fissuring 

Nodules 

Stinging 

Irritation 

Papules 

Rash 

Folliculitis 

Maceration 

Black Box Warning

Black Box Warning: 

None 

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindication/Caution: 

Contraindication 

oxiconazole may have contraindications in certain situations. Contraindications are specific circumstances or medical conditions in which medication use is not recommended or should be avoided. Some possible contraindications for oxiconazole may include the following: 

• Hypersensitivity: Individuals with known hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to oxiconazole or its components should not use this medication. 
• Open or infected wounds: oxiconazole is intended for topical use on intact skin and should not be applied to open wounds or areas with active infections. Ensuring the skin is not broken or compromised before medication use is vital. 
• Eye or mucous membrane exposure: oxiconazole should not come into contact eyes or mucous membranes. If accidental exposure occurs, it should be rinsed thoroughly with water. 
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: The safety of oxiconazole use during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been well-established.  
• Pediatric use: The safety and efficacy of oxiconazole in children below a certain age may not be established. Following a healthcare professional’s recommendations and guidance is essential when considering oxiconazole use in pediatric patients. 

These contraindications are not exhaustive, and there may be other specific situations or conditions where the use of oxiconazole is contraindicated. It is key to consult with a healthcare professional or refer to the prescribing information and product labeling for comprehensive and up-to-date contraindication information for oxiconazole. 

Caution 

Specific cautions may apply to the use of oxiconazole: 

• Irritation or sensitivity: oxiconazole is a topical medication, and some individuals may experience skin irritation, redness, or allergic reactions. If you develop any signs of irritation/sensitivity, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional. 
• Interactions with other medications: It is always key to inform your physician about the drugs which are using, including prescription, over-the-counter drugs, and supplements. This information helps them evaluate potential drug interactions or contraindications. 
• Application on sensitive areas: Avoid applying oxiconazole to sensitive areas like the face, groin, or mucous membranes unless directed by a healthcare professional. 
• Systemic absorption: While oxiconazole is primarily used topically, some systemic absorption is possible. This is especially important in individuals with certain medical conditions or those taking other medications that could potentially interact with oxiconazole. 
• Pediatric use: Use caution when using oxiconazole in children, as safety and efficacy may vary depending on age and specific circumstances. Follow the guidance and dosage instructions provided by a healthcare professional. 
• Pregnancy and breast-feeding: If you are in a pregnant condition, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding, discuss the potential risks and also benefits of using oxiconazole with your healthcare provider before starting treatment. 

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy consideration:  

US FDA pregnancy category: B 

Lactation:   

Excreted into human milk: Yes 

Pregnancy category: 

• Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester. 
• Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women. 
• Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.    
• Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.    
• Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.    
• Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category 

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: 

oxiconazole is an antifungal medication in the imidazole class of antifungal drugs. It generally works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. 

oxiconazole exerts its antifungal activity by inhibiting the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase, which is involved in ergosterol synthesis. Ergosterol is an essential component of fungal cell membranes, necessary for maintaining their structural integrity and normal function. By inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, oxiconazole disrupts the fungal cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and leakage of intracellular components, ultimately causing the death of the fungal organism. 

Pharmacodynamics: 

Mechanism of action: The action of oxiconazole, an antifungal medication, involves inhibition of the synthesis of ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes. Here is a detailed explanation of the mechanism of action: 

• Inhibition of lanosterol 14α-demethylase: oxiconazole belongs to the imidazole class of antifungal drugs. It generally works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called lanosterol 14α-demethylase, which synthesizes ergosterol. This enzyme is found in fungal cells but is absent in mammalian cells, making it a target for antifungal therapy. 
• Disruption of ergosterol synthesis: Ergosterol is essential to fungal cell membranes. It generally plays a critical role in maintaining the fungal cell membrane’s structural integrity and normal function. By inhibiting the activity of lanosterol 14α-demethylase, oxiconazole interferes with the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, thereby reducing the production of ergosterol in fungal cells. 
• Altered fungal cell membrane: The reduction in ergosterol levels leads to a disruption of the fungal cell membrane. The cell membrane loses its structural integrity and becomes more permeable. This enhanced permeability results in the leakage of cellular contents and disruption of vital cellular processes. 
• Impaired fungal growth and replication: With the compromised cell membrane, the fungal organism becomes more susceptible to osmotic pressure, environmental factors, and host immune defenses. The disrupted cell membrane also interferes with critical cellular functions, ultimately leading to inhibited fungal growth and replication. 

Pharmacokinetics: 

Absorption 

oxiconazole is primarily administered topically which is applied directly to the skin. When applied to the skin, oxiconazole is absorbed through the skin layers. The extent of systemic absorption of oxiconazole after topical application is generally low. The absorption may vary depending on the application area, skin condition, and individual variations. 

Distribution 

After systemic absorption, oxiconazole is thought to distribute to various tissues, including the site of infection. However, specific details about the distribution of oxiconazole in the body are limited. 

Metabolism 

oxiconazole undergoes hepatic metabolism primarily via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, particularly the CYP3A4 pathway. The exact details of the metabolic pathways and the specific metabolites formed must be well-documented. 

Elimination and Excretion 

The metabolites of oxiconazole are eliminated mainly through fecal excretion. The specific details regarding the excretion of oxiconazole and its metabolites, such as the half-life and clearance, are not widely available. 

Adminstartion

Administration: 

Topical administration 

oxiconazole is a medication typically administered topically and applied directly to the skin. Here are the general steps for the administration of oxiconazole: 

• Clean and dry near the affected area: Prior to the application of oxiconazole, it is important to verify that the skin is both clean and dry. Carefully cleanse the affected area using a mild soap and water, then pat it dry using a clean towel. 
• Apply a thin layer: Take enough oxiconazole cream, lotion, or solution and apply a thin layer to cover the affected area. Gently massage the medication into the skin until it is absorbed. 
• Wash hands after application: After applying oxiconazole, wash your hands thoroughly to remove any drug residue. This will help prevent accidental contact with the eyes or mucous membranes. 
• Follow the prescribed frequency: Use oxiconazole as your healthcare professional directs. The frequency of application and duration of treatment will depend on the specific fungal infection being treated. It is essential to follow the recommended dosing schedule to ensure the effectiveness of the medication. 
• Avoid covering with airtight dressings: In most cases, it is unnecessary to cover the treated area with airtight dressings unless directed by a healthcare professional. However, following your healthcare provider’s instructions regarding using dressings or bandages is essential. 
• Continue treatment as prescribed: Even if your symptoms improve, it’s essential to continue using oxiconazole for the whole treatment duration. Discontinuing treatment prematurely may allow the infection to return or worsen. 

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: oxiconazole 

Pronounced: [ oks-i-KON-a-zole ] 

Why do we use oxiconazole? 

oxiconazole is an antifungal medication that is primarily used topically to treat various fungal infections of the skin. Some of the common uses of oxiconazole include: 

• Tinea infections: oxiconazole effectively treats various types of tinea infections known as ringworm. This includes tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), and tinea corporis (ringworm of the body). 
• Cutaneous candidiasis: oxiconazole can treat cutaneous candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by the Candida species. It is often used for infections in areas such as the groin, armpits, and beneath the breasts. 
• Other fungal infections: oxiconazole may be used to treat other superficial fungal infections, such as pityriasis versicolor (a fungal infection that causes patches of discolored skin) and certain yeast infections. 

It’s important to note that the specific uses of oxiconazole may vary depending on the prescribing healthcare professional’s judgment, the type and severity of the infection, and other individual factors.