The epidemiology of Bordetella trematum is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of this bacterial infection in humans and animals. Some of the main aspects of the epidemiology of Bordetella trematum are:
Bordetella trematum is a rare and opportunistic bacterium that can cause infections in chronic wounds, especially in the lower extremities, and otitis media in children.
Bordetella trematum is a fastidious and slow-growing bacterium that requires special culture media and conditions for its isolation and identification. Conventional methods often misidentify it as other Bordetella species or Achromobacter denitrificans.
Bordetella trematum has been reported in countries such as Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, Brazil, and India, but its global prevalence and incidence are unknown.
Bordetella trematum is mainly associated with tissue infections in people with risk factors like diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, immunosuppression, or trauma. It can also cause otitis media in children with chronic ear infections.
Bordetella trematum can be transmitted by direct contact with infected wounds or secretions or by indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or instruments. Additionally, it can spread from animals to people.
It has been isolated from birds, such as house finches, which can cause conjunctivitis in humans.
Bordetella trematum has a variable susceptibility profile to different antibiotics. It is usually susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem, and tetracyclines but resistant to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and aminoglycosides. However, some strains may have different resistance patterns and require antibiotic susceptibility testing to guide the therapy.
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Betaproteobacteria
Order: Burkholderiales
Family: Alcaligenaceae
Genus: Bordetella
Species: Bordetella trematum
Bordetella trematum has a diameter of 0.5 to 1.8 μm and a cytoplasmic membrane that contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins but no cell wall. The membrane proteins include variable surface lipoproteins (Vlps) and cytoadherence-related proteins (Crps), which are involved in antigenic variation and attachment to host cells. The cytoplasm contains ribosomes, DNA, RNA, and enzymes. The DNA is circular and supercoiled, forming a nucleoid that occupies most of the cell volume.
Antigenic types are groups of bacteria with similar surface proteins, called antigens, that the immune system can recognize. Antigenic variation is the ability of bacteria to change their antigens to evade the host immune response and cause persistent infection.
Bordetella trematum has a cytoplasmic membrane that contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins but no cell wall. The membrane proteins include variable surface lipoproteins (Vlps) and cytoadherence-related proteins (Crps), which are involved in antigenic variation and attachment to host cells.
However, the diversity and distribution of these proteins among different strains of Bordetella trematum still need to be well studied. One study by Vandamme et al. (1996) compared the protein profiles of 10 strains of Bordetella trematum by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and found that they were very similar, with only minor differences in some bands.
Therefore, Bordetella trematum is a relatively homogeneous species regarding its antigenic types. Still, more research is needed to confirm this hypothesis and to identify the specific antigens and their functions.
The pathogenesis of Bordetella trematum is the process by which this bacterium causes infection and disease in humans and animals. Some of the possible steps involved in the pathogenesis of Bordetella trematum are:
The bacterium enters the host body through direct or indirect contact with infected wounds, secretions, or zoonotic transmission from birds, such as house finches.
The bacterium attaches to the epithelial cells of the skin or mucosa by using specialized surface proteins, such as variable surface lipoproteins (Vlps) and cytoadherence-related proteins (Crps), which are involved in antigenic variation and immune evasion.
The bacterium induces cell damage and inflammation by releasing toxins, such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and lipases, and by stimulating the host immune system to produce cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).
The bacterium evades the host immune response by changing its surface antigens, hiding inside the host cells, inhibiting phagocytosis, and killing by macrophages and neutrophils.
The bacterium spreads to other parts of the skin or mucosa, such as the lower extremities or the middle ear, and causes tissue damage and necrosis.
The bacterium may also disseminate to other organs, such as the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and joints, and cause systemic complications.
The host defenses of Bordetella trematum are the mechanisms by which the human immune system protects itself from this bacterial infection. Some of the main components of the host defenses of Bordetella trematum are:
The physical barriers of the skin and mucosa prevent the entry of most bacteria. However, Bordetella trematum can infect chronic wounds or otitis media, where these barriers are compromised.
The innate immune system’s cellular components recognize and eliminate bacteria by phagocytosis and killing. Macrophages and neutrophils are the primary phagocytes that engulf and destroy Bordetella trematum. Natural killer cells can also lyse infected cells by releasing perforin and granzymes.
The innate immune system’s molecular building blocks activate and amplify the inflammatory response by producing cytokines and chemokines. These molecules recruit more immune cells to the site of infection and modulate their functions. Some cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), can also enhance the expression of molecules involved in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which facilitate the activation of T cells.
The complement system is a group of proteins that can directly lyse bacteria or opsonize them for phagocytosis. The lectin, alternative, and classical routes can all be used to activate the complement system. The association of the classical pathway is antibodies to bacteria. The alternate route is started by the natural hydrolysis of C3. The lectin pathway is activated by binding mannose-binding lectin (MBL) to carbohydrates in bacteria.
Specific antibodies are produced by the adaptive immune system T cells against bacteria. Antibodies can neutralize bacteria or enhance their phagocytosis by opsonization or complement activation. Helper T cells (Th) are a subset of T cells and cytotoxic T cells (Tc). Th cells secrete cytokines that regulate the function of other immune cells. Tc cells kill infected cells by releasing perforin and granzymes.
Bordetella trematum is a rare and potentially overlooked bacterium that can cause infections in chronic wounds, especially in the lower extremities. The clinical manifestations of Bordetella trematum infection may include:
Ulceration and necrosis of the skin and soft tissues may be associated with pain, swelling, erythema, and purulent discharge.
Systemic symptoms, such as fever, malaise, chills, and leukocytosis, may indicate a severe or disseminated infection.
Otitis media may present with ear pain, discharge, hearing loss, and vertigo. It is a rare complication reported in one case of a child with chronic otitis media.
Conjunctivitis may manifest with eye redness, itching, discharge, and photophobia. It is a possible zoonotic transmission from infected birds, such as house finches.
The diagnosis of Bordetella trematum is based on detecting the bacterium or its DNA in respiratory samples, such as throat swabs, sputum, or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Different methods can be used for the diagnosis of Bordetella trematum, such as:
Culture: Bacterium grown in a nutrient-rich medium; slow, needs expertise, prone to contamination.
PCR: DNA amplification using primers and enzymes; quick, detects low DNA levels, can be combined for accuracy, influenced by inhibitors.
Serology: Measures antibodies in blood serum; indicates infection history, not species-specific, affected by cross-reactivity.
General principles of infection control and management would apply. These might include:
Isolation and Quarantine: Infected individuals should be isolated to prevent the spread of the bacteria to others. Close contacts might need to be quarantined as well.
Hygiene and Handwashing: Proper hand hygiene, including regular handwashing with soap and water, is crucial to prevent the spread of bacteria.
Antibiotics: If the infection is bacterial, appropriate antibiotics should be prescribed by a medical professional. The choice of antibiotic would depend on the susceptibility of the bacteria to different drugs. However, the susceptibility of Bordetella trematum to various antibiotics might need to be well-documented so that susceptibility testing would be necessary.
Infection Prevention in Healthcare Settings: In healthcare settings, proper infection control measures, including wearing gloves, masks, other personal protective equipment, and gowns, should be followed to prevent the spread of the bacteria.
Environmental Cleaning: Surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with bacteria should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.
Pathogens | Free Full-Text | Detection and Characterization of Clinical Bordetella trematum Isolates from Chronic Wounds (mdpi.com)
Bordetella trematum infection: case report and review of previous cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
The epidemiology of Bordetella trematum is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of this bacterial infection in humans and animals. Some of the main aspects of the epidemiology of Bordetella trematum are:
Bordetella trematum is a rare and opportunistic bacterium that can cause infections in chronic wounds, especially in the lower extremities, and otitis media in children.
Bordetella trematum is a fastidious and slow-growing bacterium that requires special culture media and conditions for its isolation and identification. Conventional methods often misidentify it as other Bordetella species or Achromobacter denitrificans.
Bordetella trematum has been reported in countries such as Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, Brazil, and India, but its global prevalence and incidence are unknown.
Bordetella trematum is mainly associated with tissue infections in people with risk factors like diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, immunosuppression, or trauma. It can also cause otitis media in children with chronic ear infections.
Bordetella trematum can be transmitted by direct contact with infected wounds or secretions or by indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or instruments. Additionally, it can spread from animals to people.
It has been isolated from birds, such as house finches, which can cause conjunctivitis in humans.
Bordetella trematum has a variable susceptibility profile to different antibiotics. It is usually susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem, and tetracyclines but resistant to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and aminoglycosides. However, some strains may have different resistance patterns and require antibiotic susceptibility testing to guide the therapy.
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Betaproteobacteria
Order: Burkholderiales
Family: Alcaligenaceae
Genus: Bordetella
Species: Bordetella trematum
Bordetella trematum has a diameter of 0.5 to 1.8 μm and a cytoplasmic membrane that contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins but no cell wall. The membrane proteins include variable surface lipoproteins (Vlps) and cytoadherence-related proteins (Crps), which are involved in antigenic variation and attachment to host cells. The cytoplasm contains ribosomes, DNA, RNA, and enzymes. The DNA is circular and supercoiled, forming a nucleoid that occupies most of the cell volume.
Antigenic types are groups of bacteria with similar surface proteins, called antigens, that the immune system can recognize. Antigenic variation is the ability of bacteria to change their antigens to evade the host immune response and cause persistent infection.
Bordetella trematum has a cytoplasmic membrane that contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins but no cell wall. The membrane proteins include variable surface lipoproteins (Vlps) and cytoadherence-related proteins (Crps), which are involved in antigenic variation and attachment to host cells.
However, the diversity and distribution of these proteins among different strains of Bordetella trematum still need to be well studied. One study by Vandamme et al. (1996) compared the protein profiles of 10 strains of Bordetella trematum by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and found that they were very similar, with only minor differences in some bands.
Therefore, Bordetella trematum is a relatively homogeneous species regarding its antigenic types. Still, more research is needed to confirm this hypothesis and to identify the specific antigens and their functions.
The pathogenesis of Bordetella trematum is the process by which this bacterium causes infection and disease in humans and animals. Some of the possible steps involved in the pathogenesis of Bordetella trematum are:
The bacterium enters the host body through direct or indirect contact with infected wounds, secretions, or zoonotic transmission from birds, such as house finches.
The bacterium attaches to the epithelial cells of the skin or mucosa by using specialized surface proteins, such as variable surface lipoproteins (Vlps) and cytoadherence-related proteins (Crps), which are involved in antigenic variation and immune evasion.
The bacterium induces cell damage and inflammation by releasing toxins, such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and lipases, and by stimulating the host immune system to produce cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).
The bacterium evades the host immune response by changing its surface antigens, hiding inside the host cells, inhibiting phagocytosis, and killing by macrophages and neutrophils.
The bacterium spreads to other parts of the skin or mucosa, such as the lower extremities or the middle ear, and causes tissue damage and necrosis.
The bacterium may also disseminate to other organs, such as the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and joints, and cause systemic complications.
The host defenses of Bordetella trematum are the mechanisms by which the human immune system protects itself from this bacterial infection. Some of the main components of the host defenses of Bordetella trematum are:
The physical barriers of the skin and mucosa prevent the entry of most bacteria. However, Bordetella trematum can infect chronic wounds or otitis media, where these barriers are compromised.
The innate immune system’s cellular components recognize and eliminate bacteria by phagocytosis and killing. Macrophages and neutrophils are the primary phagocytes that engulf and destroy Bordetella trematum. Natural killer cells can also lyse infected cells by releasing perforin and granzymes.
The innate immune system’s molecular building blocks activate and amplify the inflammatory response by producing cytokines and chemokines. These molecules recruit more immune cells to the site of infection and modulate their functions. Some cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), can also enhance the expression of molecules involved in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which facilitate the activation of T cells.
The complement system is a group of proteins that can directly lyse bacteria or opsonize them for phagocytosis. The lectin, alternative, and classical routes can all be used to activate the complement system. The association of the classical pathway is antibodies to bacteria. The alternate route is started by the natural hydrolysis of C3. The lectin pathway is activated by binding mannose-binding lectin (MBL) to carbohydrates in bacteria.
Specific antibodies are produced by the adaptive immune system T cells against bacteria. Antibodies can neutralize bacteria or enhance their phagocytosis by opsonization or complement activation. Helper T cells (Th) are a subset of T cells and cytotoxic T cells (Tc). Th cells secrete cytokines that regulate the function of other immune cells. Tc cells kill infected cells by releasing perforin and granzymes.
Bordetella trematum is a rare and potentially overlooked bacterium that can cause infections in chronic wounds, especially in the lower extremities. The clinical manifestations of Bordetella trematum infection may include:
Ulceration and necrosis of the skin and soft tissues may be associated with pain, swelling, erythema, and purulent discharge.
Systemic symptoms, such as fever, malaise, chills, and leukocytosis, may indicate a severe or disseminated infection.
Otitis media may present with ear pain, discharge, hearing loss, and vertigo. It is a rare complication reported in one case of a child with chronic otitis media.
Conjunctivitis may manifest with eye redness, itching, discharge, and photophobia. It is a possible zoonotic transmission from infected birds, such as house finches.
The diagnosis of Bordetella trematum is based on detecting the bacterium or its DNA in respiratory samples, such as throat swabs, sputum, or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Different methods can be used for the diagnosis of Bordetella trematum, such as:
Culture: Bacterium grown in a nutrient-rich medium; slow, needs expertise, prone to contamination.
PCR: DNA amplification using primers and enzymes; quick, detects low DNA levels, can be combined for accuracy, influenced by inhibitors.
Serology: Measures antibodies in blood serum; indicates infection history, not species-specific, affected by cross-reactivity.
General principles of infection control and management would apply. These might include:
Isolation and Quarantine: Infected individuals should be isolated to prevent the spread of the bacteria to others. Close contacts might need to be quarantined as well.
Hygiene and Handwashing: Proper hand hygiene, including regular handwashing with soap and water, is crucial to prevent the spread of bacteria.
Antibiotics: If the infection is bacterial, appropriate antibiotics should be prescribed by a medical professional. The choice of antibiotic would depend on the susceptibility of the bacteria to different drugs. However, the susceptibility of Bordetella trematum to various antibiotics might need to be well-documented so that susceptibility testing would be necessary.
Infection Prevention in Healthcare Settings: In healthcare settings, proper infection control measures, including wearing gloves, masks, other personal protective equipment, and gowns, should be followed to prevent the spread of the bacteria.
Environmental Cleaning: Surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with bacteria should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.
Pathogens | Free Full-Text | Detection and Characterization of Clinical Bordetella trematum Isolates from Chronic Wounds (mdpi.com)
Bordetella trematum infection: case report and review of previous cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
The epidemiology of Bordetella trematum is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of this bacterial infection in humans and animals. Some of the main aspects of the epidemiology of Bordetella trematum are:
Bordetella trematum is a rare and opportunistic bacterium that can cause infections in chronic wounds, especially in the lower extremities, and otitis media in children.
Bordetella trematum is a fastidious and slow-growing bacterium that requires special culture media and conditions for its isolation and identification. Conventional methods often misidentify it as other Bordetella species or Achromobacter denitrificans.
Bordetella trematum has been reported in countries such as Belgium, Germany, France, Spain, Brazil, and India, but its global prevalence and incidence are unknown.
Bordetella trematum is mainly associated with tissue infections in people with risk factors like diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, immunosuppression, or trauma. It can also cause otitis media in children with chronic ear infections.
Bordetella trematum can be transmitted by direct contact with infected wounds or secretions or by indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or instruments. Additionally, it can spread from animals to people.
It has been isolated from birds, such as house finches, which can cause conjunctivitis in humans.
Bordetella trematum has a variable susceptibility profile to different antibiotics. It is usually susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem, and tetracyclines but resistant to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and aminoglycosides. However, some strains may have different resistance patterns and require antibiotic susceptibility testing to guide the therapy.
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Betaproteobacteria
Order: Burkholderiales
Family: Alcaligenaceae
Genus: Bordetella
Species: Bordetella trematum
Bordetella trematum has a diameter of 0.5 to 1.8 μm and a cytoplasmic membrane that contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins but no cell wall. The membrane proteins include variable surface lipoproteins (Vlps) and cytoadherence-related proteins (Crps), which are involved in antigenic variation and attachment to host cells. The cytoplasm contains ribosomes, DNA, RNA, and enzymes. The DNA is circular and supercoiled, forming a nucleoid that occupies most of the cell volume.
Antigenic types are groups of bacteria with similar surface proteins, called antigens, that the immune system can recognize. Antigenic variation is the ability of bacteria to change their antigens to evade the host immune response and cause persistent infection.
Bordetella trematum has a cytoplasmic membrane that contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins but no cell wall. The membrane proteins include variable surface lipoproteins (Vlps) and cytoadherence-related proteins (Crps), which are involved in antigenic variation and attachment to host cells.
However, the diversity and distribution of these proteins among different strains of Bordetella trematum still need to be well studied. One study by Vandamme et al. (1996) compared the protein profiles of 10 strains of Bordetella trematum by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and found that they were very similar, with only minor differences in some bands.
Therefore, Bordetella trematum is a relatively homogeneous species regarding its antigenic types. Still, more research is needed to confirm this hypothesis and to identify the specific antigens and their functions.
The pathogenesis of Bordetella trematum is the process by which this bacterium causes infection and disease in humans and animals. Some of the possible steps involved in the pathogenesis of Bordetella trematum are:
The bacterium enters the host body through direct or indirect contact with infected wounds, secretions, or zoonotic transmission from birds, such as house finches.
The bacterium attaches to the epithelial cells of the skin or mucosa by using specialized surface proteins, such as variable surface lipoproteins (Vlps) and cytoadherence-related proteins (Crps), which are involved in antigenic variation and immune evasion.
The bacterium induces cell damage and inflammation by releasing toxins, such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and lipases, and by stimulating the host immune system to produce cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).
The bacterium evades the host immune response by changing its surface antigens, hiding inside the host cells, inhibiting phagocytosis, and killing by macrophages and neutrophils.
The bacterium spreads to other parts of the skin or mucosa, such as the lower extremities or the middle ear, and causes tissue damage and necrosis.
The bacterium may also disseminate to other organs, such as the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and joints, and cause systemic complications.
The host defenses of Bordetella trematum are the mechanisms by which the human immune system protects itself from this bacterial infection. Some of the main components of the host defenses of Bordetella trematum are:
The physical barriers of the skin and mucosa prevent the entry of most bacteria. However, Bordetella trematum can infect chronic wounds or otitis media, where these barriers are compromised.
The innate immune system’s cellular components recognize and eliminate bacteria by phagocytosis and killing. Macrophages and neutrophils are the primary phagocytes that engulf and destroy Bordetella trematum. Natural killer cells can also lyse infected cells by releasing perforin and granzymes.
The innate immune system’s molecular building blocks activate and amplify the inflammatory response by producing cytokines and chemokines. These molecules recruit more immune cells to the site of infection and modulate their functions. Some cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), can also enhance the expression of molecules involved in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which facilitate the activation of T cells.
The complement system is a group of proteins that can directly lyse bacteria or opsonize them for phagocytosis. The lectin, alternative, and classical routes can all be used to activate the complement system. The association of the classical pathway is antibodies to bacteria. The alternate route is started by the natural hydrolysis of C3. The lectin pathway is activated by binding mannose-binding lectin (MBL) to carbohydrates in bacteria.
Specific antibodies are produced by the adaptive immune system T cells against bacteria. Antibodies can neutralize bacteria or enhance their phagocytosis by opsonization or complement activation. Helper T cells (Th) are a subset of T cells and cytotoxic T cells (Tc). Th cells secrete cytokines that regulate the function of other immune cells. Tc cells kill infected cells by releasing perforin and granzymes.
Bordetella trematum is a rare and potentially overlooked bacterium that can cause infections in chronic wounds, especially in the lower extremities. The clinical manifestations of Bordetella trematum infection may include:
Ulceration and necrosis of the skin and soft tissues may be associated with pain, swelling, erythema, and purulent discharge.
Systemic symptoms, such as fever, malaise, chills, and leukocytosis, may indicate a severe or disseminated infection.
Otitis media may present with ear pain, discharge, hearing loss, and vertigo. It is a rare complication reported in one case of a child with chronic otitis media.
Conjunctivitis may manifest with eye redness, itching, discharge, and photophobia. It is a possible zoonotic transmission from infected birds, such as house finches.
The diagnosis of Bordetella trematum is based on detecting the bacterium or its DNA in respiratory samples, such as throat swabs, sputum, or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Different methods can be used for the diagnosis of Bordetella trematum, such as:
Culture: Bacterium grown in a nutrient-rich medium; slow, needs expertise, prone to contamination.
PCR: DNA amplification using primers and enzymes; quick, detects low DNA levels, can be combined for accuracy, influenced by inhibitors.
Serology: Measures antibodies in blood serum; indicates infection history, not species-specific, affected by cross-reactivity.
General principles of infection control and management would apply. These might include:
Isolation and Quarantine: Infected individuals should be isolated to prevent the spread of the bacteria to others. Close contacts might need to be quarantined as well.
Hygiene and Handwashing: Proper hand hygiene, including regular handwashing with soap and water, is crucial to prevent the spread of bacteria.
Antibiotics: If the infection is bacterial, appropriate antibiotics should be prescribed by a medical professional. The choice of antibiotic would depend on the susceptibility of the bacteria to different drugs. However, the susceptibility of Bordetella trematum to various antibiotics might need to be well-documented so that susceptibility testing would be necessary.
Infection Prevention in Healthcare Settings: In healthcare settings, proper infection control measures, including wearing gloves, masks, other personal protective equipment, and gowns, should be followed to prevent the spread of the bacteria.
Environmental Cleaning: Surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with bacteria should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.
Pathogens | Free Full-Text | Detection and Characterization of Clinical Bordetella trematum Isolates from Chronic Wounds (mdpi.com)
Bordetella trematum infection: case report and review of previous cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
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