Collinsella aerofaciens, a prevalent bacterium in the human gut, holds significance among non-spore-forming bacilli within the intestinal microbiota. While specific outbreaks of C. aerofaciens are not commonly reported, its abundant presence in the human gut is noteworthy. Variations in its abundance have been linked to various health conditions, indicating its potential role in influencing human health.  Â
Studies suggest that the altered abundance of C. aerofaciens is associated with specific health outcomes. For instance, a reduced abundance of this bacterium has been correlated with increased mortality rates from COVID-19, suggesting its potential relevance in the context of infection and disease exacerbation. Furthermore, its presence or absence has been implicated in conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and irritable bowel syndrome. Notably, C. aerofaciens has also been associated with favorable outcomes in cancer immunotherapy. Â
Kingdom: Bacteria Â
Phylum: Actinomycetota Â
Class: Coriobacteriia Â
Order: Coriobacteriales Â
Family: Coriobacteriaceae Â
Genus:Collinsella Â
Species:C. aerofaciensÂ
Collinsella aerofaciens is characterized as an anaerobic, gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacillus. Classified initially under the genus Eubacterium, it underwent reclassification due to its unique phylogenetic position and distinctive characteristics.  Â
The species “aerofaciens” alludes to its gas-producing nature, which aligns with its capability to ferment various carbohydrates. Notably, Collinsella species, including C. aerofaciens, can ferment various carbohydrates, including starch. During fermentation, they generate by-products such as hydrogen gas and ethanol.Â
Collinsella aerofaciens exhibits unique immunogenic characteristics, producing a pH-responsive lipid immunogen. This immunogen can activate Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2), triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the bacterium carries a gene encoding NADPH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH), a crucial enzyme involved in steroid metabolism. Â
Notably, C. aerofaciens is essential in synthesizing ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) and other secondary bile acids. UDCA, in particular, has garnered attention for its potential to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection & mitigate COVID-19 severity by suppressing cytokine storm syndrome. Â
The genetic similarities shared with other bacteria, such as genera Dorea and Fusicatenibacter, known for producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), extend the significance of C. aerofaciens in predicting COVID-19 mortality rates. The type strain ATCC 25986 (also known as JCM 10793), isolated from human feces, serves as the reference strain for further exploration into the diverse roles of C. aerofaciens.  Â
While Collinsella aerofaciens is not recognized as a direct pathogen causing disease, its abundance or reduction in the gut microbiome can serve as indicators or contributors to specific pathological conditions. An elevated presence of C. aerofaciens has been associated with increased ethanol production in the gut, potentially contributing to liver inflammation and the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Â
The primary transmission mode for Collinsella aerofaciens is fecal-oral, indicating its natural residence in the human intestine and its commonÂ
occurrence in fecal samples. As an integral part of the normal gut flora, C. aerofaciens is not considered a pathogen transmitted in the manner of infectious diseases. Instead, it is acquired and established within the gut microbiota. In specific conditions, C. aerofaciens has been observed to increase intestinal permeability, potentially leading to inflammation and exacerbating diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Â
The human host employs a multifaceted defense strategy to regulate interactions with Collinsella aerofaciens and maintain gut homeostasis. The gut epithelium is the initial physical barrier, acting as a formidable obstacle against systemic invasion by bacteria like C. aerofaciens.  Â
The immune surveillance conducted by the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) plays a pivotal role, actively monitoring bacterial populations & promptly initiating immune responses when necessary. Microbial antagonism within the gut microbiota further contributes to defense mechanisms as other bacterial members compete for nutrients & space, inhibiting the overgrowth of C. aerofaciens. Â
Mucosal immunity, orchestrated through mucus production and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides by the intestinal mucosa, serves as another crucial line of defense. These mechanisms exert control over the composition of the gut microbiota, including C. aerofaciens. The immune system’s ability to develop tolerance to commensal bacteria prevents an overactive response, averting potential inflammation. Bile acids, modified by gut bacteria like C. aerofaciens, add a layer of defense, as they possess antimicrobial properties and influence the overall gut environment. Â
Collinsella aerofaciens has emerged in influencing outcomes in various health conditions. Notably, in Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome (IBS), studies indicate that a reduced abundance of Collinsella is associated with more severe symptoms in affected individuals. The intricate interplay between the gut microbiota, including C. aerofaciens, & the pathophysiology of IBS underscores the potential role of this bacterium in modulating gastrointestinal health.Â
 C.aerofaciens has been implicated in diverse diseases, showcasing its versatility in influencing health outcomes. Studies have linked this bacterium to conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), type 2 diabetes, & even COVID-19. Additionally, its role in the gut microbiota’s impact on the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies adds another layer to its clinical relevance.
Stool Culture and Quantification: Diagnostic tests for Collinsella aerofaciens often involve stool culture and quantification, with the GI Effects® Stool Profile by Genova Diagnostics being a notable example. This comprehensive test includes the quantification of C. aerofaciens, providing an optimal result range of 0 to 130,000,000 CFU/g stool. Beyond specifically detecting this bacterium, the test assesses the overall gut microbiota, digestive function, and levels of intestinal inflammation.
Direct Detection Method: Research studies have utilized a direct detection method for C. aerofaciens, employing nested PCR directly on human feces samples. Quantification studies can be conducted using techniques such as LightCycler. This approach enables a targeted and sensitive identification of C. aerofaciens, contributing to a more precise understanding of its abundance and potential implications in various health conditions.
Breath Testing and Small Intestine Aspirate: It include breath testing for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) for a broader perspective on gut health. This involves measuring exhaled hydrogen or methane after consuming a glucose-water mixture, with a rapid rise indicating potential bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. 
Another gold standard diagnostic approach involves a small intestine aspirate and fluid culture. In this method, doctors use an endoscope to pass a flexible tube into the small intestine, withdrawing intestinal fluid for bacterial growth testing. Â
Consuming a rich variety of fiber from sources such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. This dietary approach helps maintain a balance in the microbiota, potentially reducing the overgrowth or underrepresentation of bacterial species, including C. aerofaciens.
Probiotics are beneficial bacteria found in certain foods like yogurt or available as supplements. These microorganisms contribute to the balance of the gut microbiota, fostering an environment where beneficial bacteria thrive. Including probiotics in the diet may help regulate the abundance of C. aerofaciens and other gut bacteria, contributing to overall gut health.
Foods like bananas, onions, garlic, and asparagus contain prebiotics and can contribute to a balanced gut microbiome. Maintaining good hygiene practices, including proper handwashing, is crucial in preventing the spread of infections, ensuring a healthy environment for the gut microbiota. Â
Collinsella aerofaciens, a prevalent bacterium in the human gut, holds significance among non-spore-forming bacilli within the intestinal microbiota. While specific outbreaks of C. aerofaciens are not commonly reported, its abundant presence in the human gut is noteworthy. Variations in its abundance have been linked to various health conditions, indicating its potential role in influencing human health.  Â
Studies suggest that the altered abundance of C. aerofaciens is associated with specific health outcomes. For instance, a reduced abundance of this bacterium has been correlated with increased mortality rates from COVID-19, suggesting its potential relevance in the context of infection and disease exacerbation. Furthermore, its presence or absence has been implicated in conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and irritable bowel syndrome. Notably, C. aerofaciens has also been associated with favorable outcomes in cancer immunotherapy. Â
Kingdom: Bacteria Â
Phylum: Actinomycetota Â
Class: Coriobacteriia Â
Order: Coriobacteriales Â
Family: Coriobacteriaceae Â
Genus:Collinsella Â
Species:C. aerofaciensÂ
Collinsella aerofaciens is characterized as an anaerobic, gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacillus. Classified initially under the genus Eubacterium, it underwent reclassification due to its unique phylogenetic position and distinctive characteristics.  Â
The species “aerofaciens” alludes to its gas-producing nature, which aligns with its capability to ferment various carbohydrates. Notably, Collinsella species, including C. aerofaciens, can ferment various carbohydrates, including starch. During fermentation, they generate by-products such as hydrogen gas and ethanol.Â
Collinsella aerofaciens exhibits unique immunogenic characteristics, producing a pH-responsive lipid immunogen. This immunogen can activate Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2), triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the bacterium carries a gene encoding NADPH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH), a crucial enzyme involved in steroid metabolism. Â
Notably, C. aerofaciens is essential in synthesizing ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) and other secondary bile acids. UDCA, in particular, has garnered attention for its potential to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection & mitigate COVID-19 severity by suppressing cytokine storm syndrome. Â
The genetic similarities shared with other bacteria, such as genera Dorea and Fusicatenibacter, known for producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), extend the significance of C. aerofaciens in predicting COVID-19 mortality rates. The type strain ATCC 25986 (also known as JCM 10793), isolated from human feces, serves as the reference strain for further exploration into the diverse roles of C. aerofaciens.  Â
While Collinsella aerofaciens is not recognized as a direct pathogen causing disease, its abundance or reduction in the gut microbiome can serve as indicators or contributors to specific pathological conditions. An elevated presence of C. aerofaciens has been associated with increased ethanol production in the gut, potentially contributing to liver inflammation and the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Â
The primary transmission mode for Collinsella aerofaciens is fecal-oral, indicating its natural residence in the human intestine and its commonÂ
occurrence in fecal samples. As an integral part of the normal gut flora, C. aerofaciens is not considered a pathogen transmitted in the manner of infectious diseases. Instead, it is acquired and established within the gut microbiota. In specific conditions, C. aerofaciens has been observed to increase intestinal permeability, potentially leading to inflammation and exacerbating diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Â
The human host employs a multifaceted defense strategy to regulate interactions with Collinsella aerofaciens and maintain gut homeostasis. The gut epithelium is the initial physical barrier, acting as a formidable obstacle against systemic invasion by bacteria like C. aerofaciens.  Â
The immune surveillance conducted by the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) plays a pivotal role, actively monitoring bacterial populations & promptly initiating immune responses when necessary. Microbial antagonism within the gut microbiota further contributes to defense mechanisms as other bacterial members compete for nutrients & space, inhibiting the overgrowth of C. aerofaciens. Â
Mucosal immunity, orchestrated through mucus production and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides by the intestinal mucosa, serves as another crucial line of defense. These mechanisms exert control over the composition of the gut microbiota, including C. aerofaciens. The immune system’s ability to develop tolerance to commensal bacteria prevents an overactive response, averting potential inflammation. Bile acids, modified by gut bacteria like C. aerofaciens, add a layer of defense, as they possess antimicrobial properties and influence the overall gut environment. Â
Collinsella aerofaciens has emerged in influencing outcomes in various health conditions. Notably, in Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome (IBS), studies indicate that a reduced abundance of Collinsella is associated with more severe symptoms in affected individuals. The intricate interplay between the gut microbiota, including C. aerofaciens, & the pathophysiology of IBS underscores the potential role of this bacterium in modulating gastrointestinal health.Â
 C.aerofaciens has been implicated in diverse diseases, showcasing its versatility in influencing health outcomes. Studies have linked this bacterium to conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), type 2 diabetes, & even COVID-19. Additionally, its role in the gut microbiota’s impact on the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies adds another layer to its clinical relevance.
Stool Culture and Quantification: Diagnostic tests for Collinsella aerofaciens often involve stool culture and quantification, with the GI Effects® Stool Profile by Genova Diagnostics being a notable example. This comprehensive test includes the quantification of C. aerofaciens, providing an optimal result range of 0 to 130,000,000 CFU/g stool. Beyond specifically detecting this bacterium, the test assesses the overall gut microbiota, digestive function, and levels of intestinal inflammation.
Direct Detection Method: Research studies have utilized a direct detection method for C. aerofaciens, employing nested PCR directly on human feces samples. Quantification studies can be conducted using techniques such as LightCycler. This approach enables a targeted and sensitive identification of C. aerofaciens, contributing to a more precise understanding of its abundance and potential implications in various health conditions.
Breath Testing and Small Intestine Aspirate: It include breath testing for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) for a broader perspective on gut health. This involves measuring exhaled hydrogen or methane after consuming a glucose-water mixture, with a rapid rise indicating potential bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. 
Another gold standard diagnostic approach involves a small intestine aspirate and fluid culture. In this method, doctors use an endoscope to pass a flexible tube into the small intestine, withdrawing intestinal fluid for bacterial growth testing. Â
Consuming a rich variety of fiber from sources such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. This dietary approach helps maintain a balance in the microbiota, potentially reducing the overgrowth or underrepresentation of bacterial species, including C. aerofaciens.
Probiotics are beneficial bacteria found in certain foods like yogurt or available as supplements. These microorganisms contribute to the balance of the gut microbiota, fostering an environment where beneficial bacteria thrive. Including probiotics in the diet may help regulate the abundance of C. aerofaciens and other gut bacteria, contributing to overall gut health.
Foods like bananas, onions, garlic, and asparagus contain prebiotics and can contribute to a balanced gut microbiome. Maintaining good hygiene practices, including proper handwashing, is crucial in preventing the spread of infections, ensuring a healthy environment for the gut microbiota. Â
Collinsella aerofaciens, a prevalent bacterium in the human gut, holds significance among non-spore-forming bacilli within the intestinal microbiota. While specific outbreaks of C. aerofaciens are not commonly reported, its abundant presence in the human gut is noteworthy. Variations in its abundance have been linked to various health conditions, indicating its potential role in influencing human health.  Â
Studies suggest that the altered abundance of C. aerofaciens is associated with specific health outcomes. For instance, a reduced abundance of this bacterium has been correlated with increased mortality rates from COVID-19, suggesting its potential relevance in the context of infection and disease exacerbation. Furthermore, its presence or absence has been implicated in conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and irritable bowel syndrome. Notably, C. aerofaciens has also been associated with favorable outcomes in cancer immunotherapy. Â
Kingdom: Bacteria Â
Phylum: Actinomycetota Â
Class: Coriobacteriia Â
Order: Coriobacteriales Â
Family: Coriobacteriaceae Â
Genus:Collinsella Â
Species:C. aerofaciensÂ
Collinsella aerofaciens is characterized as an anaerobic, gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacillus. Classified initially under the genus Eubacterium, it underwent reclassification due to its unique phylogenetic position and distinctive characteristics.  Â
The species “aerofaciens” alludes to its gas-producing nature, which aligns with its capability to ferment various carbohydrates. Notably, Collinsella species, including C. aerofaciens, can ferment various carbohydrates, including starch. During fermentation, they generate by-products such as hydrogen gas and ethanol.Â
Collinsella aerofaciens exhibits unique immunogenic characteristics, producing a pH-responsive lipid immunogen. This immunogen can activate Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2), triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the bacterium carries a gene encoding NADPH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH), a crucial enzyme involved in steroid metabolism. Â
Notably, C. aerofaciens is essential in synthesizing ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) and other secondary bile acids. UDCA, in particular, has garnered attention for its potential to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection & mitigate COVID-19 severity by suppressing cytokine storm syndrome. Â
The genetic similarities shared with other bacteria, such as genera Dorea and Fusicatenibacter, known for producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), extend the significance of C. aerofaciens in predicting COVID-19 mortality rates. The type strain ATCC 25986 (also known as JCM 10793), isolated from human feces, serves as the reference strain for further exploration into the diverse roles of C. aerofaciens.  Â
While Collinsella aerofaciens is not recognized as a direct pathogen causing disease, its abundance or reduction in the gut microbiome can serve as indicators or contributors to specific pathological conditions. An elevated presence of C. aerofaciens has been associated with increased ethanol production in the gut, potentially contributing to liver inflammation and the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Â
The primary transmission mode for Collinsella aerofaciens is fecal-oral, indicating its natural residence in the human intestine and its commonÂ
occurrence in fecal samples. As an integral part of the normal gut flora, C. aerofaciens is not considered a pathogen transmitted in the manner of infectious diseases. Instead, it is acquired and established within the gut microbiota. In specific conditions, C. aerofaciens has been observed to increase intestinal permeability, potentially leading to inflammation and exacerbating diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Â
The human host employs a multifaceted defense strategy to regulate interactions with Collinsella aerofaciens and maintain gut homeostasis. The gut epithelium is the initial physical barrier, acting as a formidable obstacle against systemic invasion by bacteria like C. aerofaciens.  Â
The immune surveillance conducted by the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) plays a pivotal role, actively monitoring bacterial populations & promptly initiating immune responses when necessary. Microbial antagonism within the gut microbiota further contributes to defense mechanisms as other bacterial members compete for nutrients & space, inhibiting the overgrowth of C. aerofaciens. Â
Mucosal immunity, orchestrated through mucus production and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides by the intestinal mucosa, serves as another crucial line of defense. These mechanisms exert control over the composition of the gut microbiota, including C. aerofaciens. The immune system’s ability to develop tolerance to commensal bacteria prevents an overactive response, averting potential inflammation. Bile acids, modified by gut bacteria like C. aerofaciens, add a layer of defense, as they possess antimicrobial properties and influence the overall gut environment. Â
Collinsella aerofaciens has emerged in influencing outcomes in various health conditions. Notably, in Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome (IBS), studies indicate that a reduced abundance of Collinsella is associated with more severe symptoms in affected individuals. The intricate interplay between the gut microbiota, including C. aerofaciens, & the pathophysiology of IBS underscores the potential role of this bacterium in modulating gastrointestinal health.Â
 C.aerofaciens has been implicated in diverse diseases, showcasing its versatility in influencing health outcomes. Studies have linked this bacterium to conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), type 2 diabetes, & even COVID-19. Additionally, its role in the gut microbiota’s impact on the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies adds another layer to its clinical relevance.
Stool Culture and Quantification: Diagnostic tests for Collinsella aerofaciens often involve stool culture and quantification, with the GI Effects® Stool Profile by Genova Diagnostics being a notable example. This comprehensive test includes the quantification of C. aerofaciens, providing an optimal result range of 0 to 130,000,000 CFU/g stool. Beyond specifically detecting this bacterium, the test assesses the overall gut microbiota, digestive function, and levels of intestinal inflammation.
Direct Detection Method: Research studies have utilized a direct detection method for C. aerofaciens, employing nested PCR directly on human feces samples. Quantification studies can be conducted using techniques such as LightCycler. This approach enables a targeted and sensitive identification of C. aerofaciens, contributing to a more precise understanding of its abundance and potential implications in various health conditions.
Breath Testing and Small Intestine Aspirate: It include breath testing for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) for a broader perspective on gut health. This involves measuring exhaled hydrogen or methane after consuming a glucose-water mixture, with a rapid rise indicating potential bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. 
Another gold standard diagnostic approach involves a small intestine aspirate and fluid culture. In this method, doctors use an endoscope to pass a flexible tube into the small intestine, withdrawing intestinal fluid for bacterial growth testing. Â
Consuming a rich variety of fiber from sources such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. This dietary approach helps maintain a balance in the microbiota, potentially reducing the overgrowth or underrepresentation of bacterial species, including C. aerofaciens.
Probiotics are beneficial bacteria found in certain foods like yogurt or available as supplements. These microorganisms contribute to the balance of the gut microbiota, fostering an environment where beneficial bacteria thrive. Including probiotics in the diet may help regulate the abundance of C. aerofaciens and other gut bacteria, contributing to overall gut health.
Foods like bananas, onions, garlic, and asparagus contain prebiotics and can contribute to a balanced gut microbiome. Maintaining good hygiene practices, including proper handwashing, is crucial in preventing the spread of infections, ensuring a healthy environment for the gut microbiota. Â
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