Worldwide increase in bedbug infestations possibly due to insecticide resistance. 

Bedbugs cluster in favourable conditions, disperse in unfavourable conditions. 

Female dispersal impacts treatment success and must be considered in control strategies. Bedbugs have two barriers with specific properties to resist insecticides. 

Tropical bedbug resurfaces in Florida and sees in Italy. 

Bedbug infestations impact all genders, ages, races in the US and worldwide, especially in poverty-stricken areas. 

Bedbugs found in 37.5% of rural Gambian children’s beds. Bedbugs suspected to have returned to Seoul after a 20-year absence from abroad introduction. 

Allergic reactions depend on prior exposure and multiple bites can cause severe skin symptoms. 

Skin injury by arthropods is determined by mouthpart structure. Insects are vessel feeders if they target capillaries or pool feeders if they feed on extravasated blood. 

severe systemic hypersensitivity to arthropod allergens can lead to secondary bacterial infection at the bite site. 

Arthropods are attracted to hosts by body heat, carbon dioxide, vibration, sweat, and odor. Cimex genus bites mammals and birds. C. hemipterus targets humans in warm climates. 

Bedbugs thrive in cluttered environments and are commonly found in old furniture, mattresses, bed frames, and springs due to their hiding spots. 

Passenger ships create ideal conditions for pest survival. 2008 study found infestations in 21 ferries, including flies, cockroaches, and bedbugs. 

Bedbugs are 5-7 mm, with modified mouthparts for sucking. They live in furniture, bed frames, mattresses, and floorboards. 

Bedbugs use forelegs to grasp skin, pierce, inject saliva with anticoagulant. Bedbugs feed primarily at night but can also feed during the day in ideal conditions. 

Females lay 300 eggs in a lifetime. Eggs hatch in 10 days, nymphs molt 5 times.

Bedbug bites can affect individuals of all ages.  

Visual Inspection 

Secondary Infections 

Differential Diagnosis 

Many with mild bedbug bites may not notice or confuse them with other causes. People experiencing mild reactions seek over-the-counter treatments. 

Severe reactions may result in scratching, sleep issues, discomfort, and require medication for relief. 

Permethrin and diethyltoluamide are effective insecticides and repellents. 

Bedbugs feeding post insecticide exposure can impact pesticide effects. 

Survey in Africa shows permethrin net banishes bedbugs from rural households. Use bedposts from bedbug-free beds in paraffin oil containers to prevent infestation. 

Insect-proof homes with structural measures and insecticides to prevent bugs from entering beds and buildings. 

Heat treatment for bedbugs caused temporary immobilization even when lethal effects were not achieved in evaluation. 

Baited traps use carbon dioxide to attract bed bugs for evaluating control programs and early detection. 

Baited traps assess bedbug control, detect infestations; bed bugs prefer carbon dioxide overheating. 

Dermatology, General

Patients should follow good hygiene practices to avoid spreading the infection. 

Proper education and awareness about bedbug bites should be provided and its related causes, and how to stop it with management strategies. 

Consistent using emollients maintains hydration to prevent cracking and apply sunscreen on skin. 

Appointments with a dermatologist and preventing recurrence of disorder is an ongoing life-long effort. 

Dermatology, General

• Topical triamcinolone: It is an anti-inflammatory drug applied for intense and localized allergic reactions. 
• Hydrocortisone: It reduces inflammation that suppresses leukocyte migration and capillary permeability. 
• Clobetasol: It is a potent steroid that reduces inflammation and restricts blood vessels for treatment. 

Dermatology, General

• Chlorpheniramine: It competes with histamine or H1-receptor sites on effector cells in blood vessels and the respiratory tract. 
• Diphenhydramine: It is a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic effects that binds to H1 receptors in the CNS and the body. 
• Desloratadine: It is a long-acting tricyclic histamine antagonist selective for the H1-receptor.  
• Cetirizine: It inhibits histamine H1 receptor sites in blood vessels, the GI tract, and the respiratory tract. 

Dermatology, General

For symptomatic relief includes use of topical treatments and oral medications. 

For procedural interventions includes use of steroid Injections and antibiotic therapy. 

Dermatology, General

In the diagnosis phase, evaluation of clinical examination and physical tests to confirm diagnosis. 

Pharmacologic therapy is very effective in the treatment phase as it includes use of corticosteroids, antihistamines and intervention therapy. 

In supportive care and management phase, patients should receive required attention such as lifestyle modification and rehabilitation. 

The regular follow-up visits with the dermatologist are schedule to check the improvement of patients along with treatment response.