Long COVID Patterns in the RECOVER-Adult Study
November 21, 2025
Background
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
Administered via nebulizer:
300
mg
Inhaled
twice a day
every 12 hrs
Capsule for inhalation: 4 capsules inhaled orally twice a day every 12 hrs
(Do not administer missed dose before 6 hours of the next scheduled dose, skip the dose and continue with the next dose)
Inhalation
Initial dose-75mg using nebulizer for 2 to 3 minutes, thrice a day up to 28 days. Dosing should be 4 hours apart
Maintenance dose: Administer in alternate cycles of 28 days
Take two tablets orally every 12 hours (each tablet contains 200 mg/125 mg, resulting in a total of 400 mg/250 mg per dose)
It is recommended to consume the medication with food that contains fat
Indicated to patients with moderate or high-risk primary or secondary myelofibrosis
:
200mg orally twice a day
Dose Adjustments
Adverse reactions for dosage reduction
First dosage reduction: Reduce the dose to 100mg twice a day
Second dosage reduction: Reduce the dose to 100mg every day
Inability to tolerate 100 mg every day: Stop treatment
Surgical procedures or other interventions planned
Due to the risk of bleeding, discontinue seven days before elective surgery or invasive procedures, and resume only after hemostasis is assured.
Diarrhea
Initiate antidiarrheal medications and promote adequate oral hydration at the onset of diarrhea.
Grade 3 or 4 characterized as an increase of ≥7 stools/day over baseline, hospitalization being contemplated, a substantial increase in ostomy output above baseline, or self-care is being restricted.
Hold until diarrhea improves to Grade ≤1 or baseline (an increase of 4 or more stools per day or a slight rise in ostomy output relative to baseline), then resume at the previous dosage administered.
If restarting antidiarrheal therapy, concomitant treatment is required.
Thrombocytopenia
In clinically substantial thrombocytopenia deterioration persisting >7 days
Until resolution, hold therapy; resume at 50% of the last administered dose.
In the event of a recurrence, therapy should be withheld until resolution, after which it should be resumed at 50% of the previous dose.
Hemorrhage
Moderate bleeding (intervention needed): Hold until the bleeding stops, then continue at the previous dosage; if it happens again, hold until it stops, then restart at 50% of the last dose.
Severe bleeding: Withhold until the hemorrhage subsides, then resume at 50% of the last given dosage; if it recurs, cease medication.
Life-threatening bleeding: Stop treatment.
QTc prolongation
QTc prolongation is more significant than 500 or >60 milliseconds from baseline Hold for one week or until the QTc interval returns to baseline or ≤480 msec, then continue at the exact dosage. Restart at a lower dosage if the time to resolution exceeds a week.
Renal impairment
eGFR ≥30 mL/min: No dose adjustment is needed
eGFR <30 mL/min: Avoid usage
Hepatic impairment
Mild (Child-Pugh A): 8.5% reduction in AUC; no dose.
Moderate to severe(Child-Pugh B or C): Use caution; it lowers AUC by 36% and 45%, respectively.
Indicated to patients with moderate or high-risk primary or secondary myelofibrosis
:
200mg orally twice a day
Dose Adjustments
Adverse reactions for dosage reduction
First dosage reduction: Reduce the dose to 100mg twice a day
Second dosage reduction: Reduce the dose to 100mg every day
Inability to tolerate 100 mg every day: Stop treatment
Surgical procedures or other interventions planned
Due to the risk of bleeding, discontinue seven days before elective surgery or invasive procedures, and resume only after hemostasis is assured.
Diarrhea
Initiate antidiarrheal medications and promote adequate oral hydration at the onset of diarrhea.
Grade 3 or 4 characterized as an increase of ≥7 stools/day over baseline, hospitalization being contemplated, a substantial increase in ostomy output above baseline, or self-care is being restricted.
Hold until diarrhea improves to Grade ≤1 or baseline (an increase of 4 or more stools per day or a slight rise in ostomy output relative to baseline), then resume at the previous dosage administered.
If restarting antidiarrheal therapy, concomitant treatment is required.
Thrombocytopenia
In clinically substantial thrombocytopenia deterioration persisting >7 days
Until resolution, hold therapy; resume at 50% of the last administered dose.
In the event of a recurrence, therapy should be withheld until resolution, after which it should be resumed at 50% of the previous dose.
Hemorrhage
Moderate bleeding (intervention needed): Hold until the bleeding stops, then continue at the previous dosage; if it happens again, hold until it stops, then restart at 50% of the last dose.
Severe bleeding: Withhold until the hemorrhage subsides, then resume at 50% of the last given dosage; if it recurs, cease medication.
Life-threatening bleeding: Stop treatment.
QTc prolongation
QTc prolongation is more significant than 500 or >60 milliseconds from baseline Hold for one week or until the QTc interval returns to baseline or ≤480 msec, then continue at the exact dosage. Restart at a lower dosage if the time to resolution exceeds a week.
Renal impairment
eGFR ≥30 mL/min: No dose adjustment is needed
eGFR <30 mL/min: Avoid usage
Hepatic impairment
Mild (Child-Pugh A): 8.5% reduction in AUC; no dose.
Moderate to severe(Child-Pugh B or C): Use caution; it lowers AUC by 36% and 45%, respectively.
Additional maintenance dose
400 mg two times daily by oral inhalation also, inhale all contents of every capsule separately
use a short-acting bronchodilator for 5 to 15 minutes before each dose
Dosage Modifications
Renal or hepatic impairment
No recommended dose
Dosing Considerations
Limitations of use
Not a single test for asthma
For bronchial challenge test use only as part of asthma
Indicated for cystic fibrosis, in combination with ivacaftor and tezacaftor
Indicated for cystic fibrosis, in combination with ivacaftor and tezacaftor
two fixed-dosage tablets of 100 mg elexacaftor, 50 mg tezacaftor, and 75 mg ivacaftor are given orally every morning and one 150-mg ivacaftor tablet every night; with approximately 12 hours apart
Take a daily dose of 60 to 120 mg orally in 2 to 3 divided doses
It is a drug that enhances the activity of the CFTR
It is prescribed for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) in individuals aged two years and older who carry a single mutation in the CFTR gene that demonstrates responsiveness to ivacaftor, as confirmed by clinical and/or in vitro assay data
In cases where the patient's genetic profile is unknown, it is advised to employ an FDA-cleared CF mutation test for the identification of a CFTR mutation
Subsequent verification through bi-directional sequencing should be conducted as per the recommendations outlined in the mutation test instructions for use
For adults and pediatric patients aged six years and above, the recommended dosage is one 150 mg tablet via oral administration two times per day alongside a meal containing fat
Dose Adjustments
Limited data is available
(Off-label):
7.5 mg/kg to 10.5 mg/kg daily intravenous/intramuscular divided every 3 times a day
tezacaftor 100 mg/ivacaftor 150 mg of 1 tablet orally in the morning and ivacaftor 150 mg 1 tablet orally in the evening
 
 
Dosages should be taken in the morning and evening, 12 hours apart
 
Indicated for the patients to better the respiratory symptoms of cystic fibrosis caused due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
75 mg through inhalation every 8 hours for 28 days
Take the drug with an Alterna nebulizer only
Do not repeat 28 days post-completion
Administer the dose at a minimum interval of 4 hours
Take bronchodilator before administration
Short-acting beta agonists should be taken 15 min-4 hours before the drug, or long-acting ones 30 min-12 hours before
Associated with pseudomonas aeruginosa
For > 6 years:
300
mg
Inhaled
twice a day
every 12 hrs
Powder for inhalation: 4 capsules (28 mg) inhaled orally twice a day every 12 hrs
<9 months: Safety and efficacy not established
>9 months:50mg/kg intravenous every 6 to 8 hours. Do not exceed 200mg/kg/day
>7 years: 75mg using a nebulizer for 2 to 3 minutes, thrice a day up to 28 days. Dosing should be 4 hours apart
Age-1 to <2 years
7 to <9 kg- Administer one packet of oral granules, containing 75 mg/94 mg, orally every 12 hours
9 to <14 kg- Take one packet of oral granules, with each packet containing 100 mg/125 mg, orally every 12 hours
≥14 kg- Take one packet of oral granules, containing 150 mg/188 mg, orally every 12 hours
Age-2-5 years
<14 kg- Administer one packet of oral granules, containing 100 mg/125 mg, orally every 12 hours
≥14 kg-Take one packet of oral granules, with a dosage of 150 mg/188 mg, orally every 12 hours
Age 6-11 years- Take two tablets orally every 12 hours (each tablet contains 100 mg/125 mg, resulting in a total of 200 mg/250 mg per dose)
Age ≥12 years-Take two tablets orally every 12 hours (each tablet contains 200 mg/125 mg, resulting in a total of 400 mg/250 mg per dose)
Safety and efficacy are not seen in pediatrics
with Fat Malabsorption (Off-label) :
Below 8 yrs: Safety and efficacy were not established
Above 8 yrs: 100 mcg orally every 6 hours
For Children and Adolescents
Take dose of 15 ml orally thrice a day
Maximum daily dose not more than 100 ml in divided doses
For Children and Adolescents
Take dose of 15 ml orally thrice a day
Maximum daily dose not more than 100 ml in divided doses
for 2 to <6 years old:
Take a dose of 7.5 to 15 mg orally three times a day
for 6 to 12 years old:
Take a dose of 15 to 30 mg orally 2 to 3 times in a day
for >12 years old:
Take a daily dose of 60 to 120 mg orally in 2 to 3 divided doses
For pediatrics who are between 1 month and two months with more than 3 kg weight, the dose recommended is 5.8 mg packet (oral granules) via oral administration two times per day
For pediatrics who are between 2 months and four months with more than 3 kg weight, the dose recommended is 13.4 mg packet (oral granules) via oral administration two times per day
For pediatrics who are between 4 months and six months with more than 5 kg weight, the dose recommended is 25 mg packet (oral granules) via oral administration two times per day
Pediatrics who are between 6 months and six years old with a weight between 5 and 7 kg, 7 and 14 kg, and more than 14 kg, the dose recommended is 25 mg, 50 mg, and 75 mg packet (oral granules) via oral administration two times per day
For pediatrics who are six years and above, the dose recommended is 150 mg via oral administration two times per day
Below 4 yrs: Safety and efficacy were not established
Above 4 yrs: oral administration every 12 hours, adjusted to keep serum levels between 50 and 100 mcg/mL; may slow or stop disease development in younger individuals with the mild lung disease
(off-label):
Below 4 yrs: Safety and efficacy were not established
Above 4 yrs: oral administration every 12 hours, adjusted to keep serum levels between 50 and 100 mcg/mL; may slow or stop disease development in younger individuals with the mild lung disease
For children of age 6-18 years
20mg/kg orally one time a day in 2 to 3 divided doses for about 12 years
Age: 6-<12 years; wt <30 kg 
tezacaftor 50 mg/ivacaftor 75 mg of 1 tab orally in the morning and ivacaftor 75 mg of 1 tab orally in the evening
Dosages should be taken in the morning and evening, 12 hours apart
Age: ≥6 years; wt ≥30 kg 
tezacaftor 100 mg/ivacaftor 150 mg of 1 tab orally in the morning and ivacaftor 150 mg of 1 tab orally in the evening
Dosages should be taken in the morning and evening, 12 hours apart
Indicated for the patients to better the respiratory symptoms of cystic fibrosis caused due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
For>7 years- 75 mg through inhalation every 8 hours for 28 days
Take the drug with an Alterna nebulizer only
Do not repeat 28 days post-completion
Administer the dose at a minimum interval of 4 hours
Take bronchodilator before administration
Short-acting beta agonists should be taken 15 min-4 hours before the drug, or long-acting ones 30 min-12 hours before If administering mucolytics, take them bronchodilators before aztreonam
Future Trends
References

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