Dandruff is a common scalp diseasewhich affects about 50% of people at the age of puberty, without any preference to gender or ethnic background. It is a common problem that every person in different parts of the world faces some or the other time in his or her lifetime. The word ‘dandruff’ is derived from the Anglo-Saxon words ‘tan’, which means ‘tetter’ and ‘drof’, which means ‘dirty’. Dandruff affects the quality of people’s appearance and is known to cause itching most of the time. Other studies have pointed out that the keratinocytesmainly participate in the immune reactions that are commonly associated with dandruff. Dandruff in most cases is known to be seasonal and tends to be severe especially during the winter season.
Epidemiology
Dandruff is very widespread; up to 50% of adult population around the world is affected by it. This is more common with males than with females. It usually starts during adolescence and can be most active in the early adult years with an average age of 20 years, and it decreases in frequency and severity after 50 years of age. It has also been established to manifest differently across different ethnicities; for example, a survey undertaken in the U. S and China determined that 81 to 95% of the African Americans, 66 to 82% of the Caucasians and only 30 to 42% of the Chinese suffer from dandruff.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Dandruff is associated with enhanced scaliness; scaliness is the normal rate of shedding of skin cells of the scalp, which during dandruff episodes may be as high as 800,000/square cm compared with the value of about 487,000/square cm observed after washing with detergent. Nevertheless, this marked shift in the rate of keratinocyte proliferation does not change the classification of dandruff as a non-inflammatory disease. The detailed processes that take the normal cell shedding to the extent observed in dandruff are not yet understood.
Etiology
Microbial Factors
Malassezia Yeast: The yeast Malassezia has been proved linked to dandruff and tends to multiply during its flare-up. Yet, despite all this, none of the species of Malassezia have been shown to be the direct cause of dandruff.
Corneocyte Interaction: Malassezia attaches irregularly to the surface of corneocytes which could be due to the differences in the binding sites or natural antifungal peptides which are present in the skin. It can enhance proinflammatory cytokines such as β-defensin-2 in keratinocytes, and the reduced synthesis of which might be associated with dandruff.
Immune Response: Malassezia has both antigenic and pro-inflammatory effects, but in dandruff, there is no significant change in the immune response although the malassezia load is increased.
Non-Microbial Factors
Environmental Factors: Exposure to high levels of sunlight is one of the causes of scalp peeling.
Irritation: Excessive use of shampoos, frequent combing of hair, cosmetics, and dust and dirt accumulation on hair may also cause dandruff though there is not enough empirical evidence to support most of these causes.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Microbial Factors: The density and the types of microbial populations especially Malassezia on the scalp affect the further outcome. Malassezia -associated skin conditions may develop to recurrent or resistant forms if the organism’s load remains persistently high.
Environmental Factors: The exacerbations are normally felt in the winter season, which is a major factor that influences the extent of dandruff. People who reside in regions with extreme changes in seasons are likely to suffer from the variations in symptoms.
Scalp Hygiene and Care: Healthy practices for the scalp and hair care improve the outlook for the condition, though poor hygiene only increases the instances of dandruff.
Clinical History
Age Group: Dandruff usually starts from childhood at the time of puberty, is most widely spread in young people at the age of 20 and is rather rare among people older than 50 years.
Physical Examination
Inspection:
Scalp: Search for dandruff especially white or gray scales on the scalp, hair and on the shoulders.
Scaling: Observe the extent and density of fine, diffuse spines [i.e. of scaling].
Hair: Look for any hair loss or breakages, which are not expected in dandruff.
Palpation:
Scalp Texture: Touch for rough surfaces or bumps on the head specifically on the scalp.
Sebum Levels: Check for oiliness; increase in sebum production may be expected in case of seborrheic dermatitis.
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Seborrheic Dermatitis: It is commonly associated with dandruff but has more pronounced scaling and inflammation.
Psoriasis: Another skin condition that presents symptoms that might resemble dandruff Although.
Parkinson’s Disease and HIV: The incidence rate of seborrheic dermatitis is slightly higher; this skin condition often leads to dandruff.
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Chronic and Recurrent: Dandruff is usually a lasting skin disorder which comes and goes in nature.
Seasonal Variation: It is noticed that symptoms of the disease become severe in winter, while in summer they tend to decrease.
Non-Inflammatory: While seborrheic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition, dandruff is a non-inflammatory condition manifested by the appearance of white or gray flakes in the scalp and hair and very mild itching if at all.
Ketoconazole: Ketoconazole shampoos however work in effectively lowering the population of Malassezia on the scalp.
Zinc Pyrithione: Some shampoos or lotions contain zinc pyrithione that aids in managing the fungal build-up and scaling.
Selenium Sulfide: It is used as an active ingredient in some of the shampoos which slow down cell divisions and treat dandruff.
Tar-based Shampoos: Coal tar in shampoos assists to reduce the rate of skin cell regeneration and lessens scaling and inflammation.Salicylic Acid Preparations: Scalp or shampoos that has this active component help in debridement of the scalp and dead skin cells. Antifungal Creams or Lotions: In cases where the skin problem is worse or when washing with shampoos is not very effective, then topical antifungal medications in the form of creams or lotions may be recommended for use on the affected regions of the body.
Regular Shampooing: Preliminary gentle shampoo’s without aggressive to skin, with correct ph level necessary when skin is too oily and has flaking it will help.
Scalp Massage: Forehead and scalp should be washed gently during washing to ease off the flakiness and increase the blood flow to the region.
Proper Hair Care Practices: Use minimal products on hair as most of them contribute to the formation of residues on the scalp thus worsening the situation of dandruff.
Rinsing Thoroughly: To avoid buildup of shampoo and conditioner, make sure you rinse your hair well.
Maintaining Scalp Hygiene: But washing it with lukewarm water and associated shampoo often assists in maintaining the scalp healthy and free from oil as well as flakes.
Dietary Adjustments: Promote the intake of vitamin and mineral containing foods because nutritional deficiencies may cause the formation of dandruff.
Role of Antifungal agents
Zinc Pyrithione: It helps ease some of the itching that is associated with dandruff and helps to minimize the flaking of the scalp.
Ketoconazole: It belongs to the imidazole group of antifungal drugs and its mechanism of action involves inhibition of the fungal cell membranes.
Climbazole: It is effective in causing interference with the normal functioning of the cell membranes of fungi.
Selenium Sulphide: Selenium based shampoos can lead to unwanted change in the colour of hair and the skin on the head.
Clotrimazole: The mode of action is through disrupting the formation of ergosterol, a lipid compound which is essential for the smooth formation of fungal cell membranes.
Piroctone Olamine: It works by blocking the action of sebum triglyceride hydrolase, which is responsible for the release of oleic acid and arachidonic acid, which promotes inflammation and itchiness.
Role of Anti-proliferative agents
Coal tar: It is widely used in anti-dandruff shampoos and is a clear example of this class of therapies. These include over 10,000 chemical compounds that will aid in suppression of bacterial growth and rejection of inflammation. This treatment is mainly employed in eradicating the symptoms of dandruff in the human body.
Role of Keratolytic agents
Salicylic acid: It is classified as a keratolytic agent and is applied to relieve dandruff conditions. Salicylic acid aids in the process of shedding the outside layer of the skin which means it aids in the removal of skin debris found in the scalp. It helps to prevent the visibility of the flakes which are characteristic of dandruff by encouraging the shedding of the outer layer of the scalp.
Scalp Exfoliation: In this procedure, the scalp is very lightly scrapped to clear off the dead skin and the dandruff scales. This can be done by using brushes, scrubs, or even those chemicals that we commonly call scrubs, such as salicylic acid.
Laser Therapy: Low level laser therapy can be used to decrease inflammation and flakiness of the scalp and thus, may decrease dandruff.
Photodynamic Therapy: Combines the use of a photosensitizing substance to be put on the scalp and irradiation with the given frequency of light. This can assist in cleaning the scalp from microbes that trigger the formation of dandruff and lessening their numbers.
Scalp Injections: Although severe symptoms of dandruff are causes by inflammation, in some extreme cases, physicians may administer corticosteroid shots to the head’s scalp to manage the inflammation.
use-of-phases-in-managing-dandruff
Managing dandruff involves a phased approach:
Acute phase is characterized by rapid control of symptoms with shampoos containing ketoconazole and selenium sulfide, as well as topical steroids with rigorous washing.
Transitional Phase prevents any flare ups by minimizing medicated shampoos and incorporates mild ones, continues with the scalp exfoliation added to this are changes in some aspects of lifestyles such as stress and diet.
Maintenance Phase focuses on avoiding relapse, using the mild medicated shampoos on a regular basis, proper scalp care, flare-ups identification, introduction of home remedies and constantly visiting a dermatologist. This strategy minimizes medium and long-term control and hair scalp problems effectively.
Dandruff is a common scalp diseasewhich affects about 50% of people at the age of puberty, without any preference to gender or ethnic background. It is a common problem that every person in different parts of the world faces some or the other time in his or her lifetime. The word ‘dandruff’ is derived from the Anglo-Saxon words ‘tan’, which means ‘tetter’ and ‘drof’, which means ‘dirty’. Dandruff affects the quality of people’s appearance and is known to cause itching most of the time. Other studies have pointed out that the keratinocytesmainly participate in the immune reactions that are commonly associated with dandruff. Dandruff in most cases is known to be seasonal and tends to be severe especially during the winter season.
Dandruff is very widespread; up to 50% of adult population around the world is affected by it. This is more common with males than with females. It usually starts during adolescence and can be most active in the early adult years with an average age of 20 years, and it decreases in frequency and severity after 50 years of age. It has also been established to manifest differently across different ethnicities; for example, a survey undertaken in the U. S and China determined that 81 to 95% of the African Americans, 66 to 82% of the Caucasians and only 30 to 42% of the Chinese suffer from dandruff.
Dandruff is associated with enhanced scaliness; scaliness is the normal rate of shedding of skin cells of the scalp, which during dandruff episodes may be as high as 800,000/square cm compared with the value of about 487,000/square cm observed after washing with detergent. Nevertheless, this marked shift in the rate of keratinocyte proliferation does not change the classification of dandruff as a non-inflammatory disease. The detailed processes that take the normal cell shedding to the extent observed in dandruff are not yet understood.
Microbial Factors
Malassezia Yeast: The yeast Malassezia has been proved linked to dandruff and tends to multiply during its flare-up. Yet, despite all this, none of the species of Malassezia have been shown to be the direct cause of dandruff.
Corneocyte Interaction: Malassezia attaches irregularly to the surface of corneocytes which could be due to the differences in the binding sites or natural antifungal peptides which are present in the skin. It can enhance proinflammatory cytokines such as β-defensin-2 in keratinocytes, and the reduced synthesis of which might be associated with dandruff.
Immune Response: Malassezia has both antigenic and pro-inflammatory effects, but in dandruff, there is no significant change in the immune response although the malassezia load is increased.
Non-Microbial Factors
Environmental Factors: Exposure to high levels of sunlight is one of the causes of scalp peeling.
Irritation: Excessive use of shampoos, frequent combing of hair, cosmetics, and dust and dirt accumulation on hair may also cause dandruff though there is not enough empirical evidence to support most of these causes.
Microbial Factors: The density and the types of microbial populations especially Malassezia on the scalp affect the further outcome. Malassezia -associated skin conditions may develop to recurrent or resistant forms if the organism’s load remains persistently high.
Environmental Factors: The exacerbations are normally felt in the winter season, which is a major factor that influences the extent of dandruff. People who reside in regions with extreme changes in seasons are likely to suffer from the variations in symptoms.
Scalp Hygiene and Care: Healthy practices for the scalp and hair care improve the outlook for the condition, though poor hygiene only increases the instances of dandruff.
Age Group: Dandruff usually starts from childhood at the time of puberty, is most widely spread in young people at the age of 20 and is rather rare among people older than 50 years.
Inspection:
Scalp: Search for dandruff especially white or gray scales on the scalp, hair and on the shoulders.
Scaling: Observe the extent and density of fine, diffuse spines [i.e. of scaling].
Hair: Look for any hair loss or breakages, which are not expected in dandruff.
Palpation:
Scalp Texture: Touch for rough surfaces or bumps on the head specifically on the scalp.
Sebum Levels: Check for oiliness; increase in sebum production may be expected in case of seborrheic dermatitis.
Seborrheic Dermatitis: It is commonly associated with dandruff but has more pronounced scaling and inflammation.
Psoriasis: Another skin condition that presents symptoms that might resemble dandruff Although.
Parkinson’s Disease and HIV: The incidence rate of seborrheic dermatitis is slightly higher; this skin condition often leads to dandruff.
Chronic and Recurrent: Dandruff is usually a lasting skin disorder which comes and goes in nature.
Seasonal Variation: It is noticed that symptoms of the disease become severe in winter, while in summer they tend to decrease.
Non-Inflammatory: While seborrheic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition, dandruff is a non-inflammatory condition manifested by the appearance of white or gray flakes in the scalp and hair and very mild itching if at all.
Ketoconazole: Ketoconazole shampoos however work in effectively lowering the population of Malassezia on the scalp.
Zinc Pyrithione: Some shampoos or lotions contain zinc pyrithione that aids in managing the fungal build-up and scaling.
Selenium Sulfide: It is used as an active ingredient in some of the shampoos which slow down cell divisions and treat dandruff.
Tar-based Shampoos: Coal tar in shampoos assists to reduce the rate of skin cell regeneration and lessens scaling and inflammation.Salicylic Acid Preparations: Scalp or shampoos that has this active component help in debridement of the scalp and dead skin cells. Antifungal Creams or Lotions: In cases where the skin problem is worse or when washing with shampoos is not very effective, then topical antifungal medications in the form of creams or lotions may be recommended for use on the affected regions of the body.
Dermatology, General
Regular Shampooing: Preliminary gentle shampoo’s without aggressive to skin, with correct ph level necessary when skin is too oily and has flaking it will help.
Scalp Massage: Forehead and scalp should be washed gently during washing to ease off the flakiness and increase the blood flow to the region.
Proper Hair Care Practices: Use minimal products on hair as most of them contribute to the formation of residues on the scalp thus worsening the situation of dandruff.
Rinsing Thoroughly: To avoid buildup of shampoo and conditioner, make sure you rinse your hair well.
Maintaining Scalp Hygiene: But washing it with lukewarm water and associated shampoo often assists in maintaining the scalp healthy and free from oil as well as flakes.
Dietary Adjustments: Promote the intake of vitamin and mineral containing foods because nutritional deficiencies may cause the formation of dandruff.
Dermatology, General
Zinc Pyrithione: It helps ease some of the itching that is associated with dandruff and helps to minimize the flaking of the scalp.
Ketoconazole: It belongs to the imidazole group of antifungal drugs and its mechanism of action involves inhibition of the fungal cell membranes.
Climbazole: It is effective in causing interference with the normal functioning of the cell membranes of fungi.
Selenium Sulphide: Selenium based shampoos can lead to unwanted change in the colour of hair and the skin on the head.
Clotrimazole: The mode of action is through disrupting the formation of ergosterol, a lipid compound which is essential for the smooth formation of fungal cell membranes.
Piroctone Olamine: It works by blocking the action of sebum triglyceride hydrolase, which is responsible for the release of oleic acid and arachidonic acid, which promotes inflammation and itchiness.
Dermatology, General
Coal tar: It is widely used in anti-dandruff shampoos and is a clear example of this class of therapies. These include over 10,000 chemical compounds that will aid in suppression of bacterial growth and rejection of inflammation. This treatment is mainly employed in eradicating the symptoms of dandruff in the human body.
Dermatology, General
Salicylic acid: It is classified as a keratolytic agent and is applied to relieve dandruff conditions. Salicylic acid aids in the process of shedding the outside layer of the skin which means it aids in the removal of skin debris found in the scalp. It helps to prevent the visibility of the flakes which are characteristic of dandruff by encouraging the shedding of the outer layer of the scalp.
Dermatology, General
Scalp Exfoliation: In this procedure, the scalp is very lightly scrapped to clear off the dead skin and the dandruff scales. This can be done by using brushes, scrubs, or even those chemicals that we commonly call scrubs, such as salicylic acid.
Laser Therapy: Low level laser therapy can be used to decrease inflammation and flakiness of the scalp and thus, may decrease dandruff.
Photodynamic Therapy: Combines the use of a photosensitizing substance to be put on the scalp and irradiation with the given frequency of light. This can assist in cleaning the scalp from microbes that trigger the formation of dandruff and lessening their numbers.
Scalp Injections: Although severe symptoms of dandruff are causes by inflammation, in some extreme cases, physicians may administer corticosteroid shots to the head’s scalp to manage the inflammation.
Dermatology, General
Managing dandruff involves a phased approach:
Acute phase is characterized by rapid control of symptoms with shampoos containing ketoconazole and selenium sulfide, as well as topical steroids with rigorous washing.
Transitional Phase prevents any flare ups by minimizing medicated shampoos and incorporates mild ones, continues with the scalp exfoliation added to this are changes in some aspects of lifestyles such as stress and diet.
Maintenance Phase focuses on avoiding relapse, using the mild medicated shampoos on a regular basis, proper scalp care, flare-ups identification, introduction of home remedies and constantly visiting a dermatologist. This strategy minimizes medium and long-term control and hair scalp problems effectively.
Dandruff is a common scalp diseasewhich affects about 50% of people at the age of puberty, without any preference to gender or ethnic background. It is a common problem that every person in different parts of the world faces some or the other time in his or her lifetime. The word ‘dandruff’ is derived from the Anglo-Saxon words ‘tan’, which means ‘tetter’ and ‘drof’, which means ‘dirty’. Dandruff affects the quality of people’s appearance and is known to cause itching most of the time. Other studies have pointed out that the keratinocytesmainly participate in the immune reactions that are commonly associated with dandruff. Dandruff in most cases is known to be seasonal and tends to be severe especially during the winter season.
Dandruff is very widespread; up to 50% of adult population around the world is affected by it. This is more common with males than with females. It usually starts during adolescence and can be most active in the early adult years with an average age of 20 years, and it decreases in frequency and severity after 50 years of age. It has also been established to manifest differently across different ethnicities; for example, a survey undertaken in the U. S and China determined that 81 to 95% of the African Americans, 66 to 82% of the Caucasians and only 30 to 42% of the Chinese suffer from dandruff.
Dandruff is associated with enhanced scaliness; scaliness is the normal rate of shedding of skin cells of the scalp, which during dandruff episodes may be as high as 800,000/square cm compared with the value of about 487,000/square cm observed after washing with detergent. Nevertheless, this marked shift in the rate of keratinocyte proliferation does not change the classification of dandruff as a non-inflammatory disease. The detailed processes that take the normal cell shedding to the extent observed in dandruff are not yet understood.
Microbial Factors
Malassezia Yeast: The yeast Malassezia has been proved linked to dandruff and tends to multiply during its flare-up. Yet, despite all this, none of the species of Malassezia have been shown to be the direct cause of dandruff.
Corneocyte Interaction: Malassezia attaches irregularly to the surface of corneocytes which could be due to the differences in the binding sites or natural antifungal peptides which are present in the skin. It can enhance proinflammatory cytokines such as β-defensin-2 in keratinocytes, and the reduced synthesis of which might be associated with dandruff.
Immune Response: Malassezia has both antigenic and pro-inflammatory effects, but in dandruff, there is no significant change in the immune response although the malassezia load is increased.
Non-Microbial Factors
Environmental Factors: Exposure to high levels of sunlight is one of the causes of scalp peeling.
Irritation: Excessive use of shampoos, frequent combing of hair, cosmetics, and dust and dirt accumulation on hair may also cause dandruff though there is not enough empirical evidence to support most of these causes.
Microbial Factors: The density and the types of microbial populations especially Malassezia on the scalp affect the further outcome. Malassezia -associated skin conditions may develop to recurrent or resistant forms if the organism’s load remains persistently high.
Environmental Factors: The exacerbations are normally felt in the winter season, which is a major factor that influences the extent of dandruff. People who reside in regions with extreme changes in seasons are likely to suffer from the variations in symptoms.
Scalp Hygiene and Care: Healthy practices for the scalp and hair care improve the outlook for the condition, though poor hygiene only increases the instances of dandruff.
Age Group: Dandruff usually starts from childhood at the time of puberty, is most widely spread in young people at the age of 20 and is rather rare among people older than 50 years.
Inspection:
Scalp: Search for dandruff especially white or gray scales on the scalp, hair and on the shoulders.
Scaling: Observe the extent and density of fine, diffuse spines [i.e. of scaling].
Hair: Look for any hair loss or breakages, which are not expected in dandruff.
Palpation:
Scalp Texture: Touch for rough surfaces or bumps on the head specifically on the scalp.
Sebum Levels: Check for oiliness; increase in sebum production may be expected in case of seborrheic dermatitis.
Seborrheic Dermatitis: It is commonly associated with dandruff but has more pronounced scaling and inflammation.
Psoriasis: Another skin condition that presents symptoms that might resemble dandruff Although.
Parkinson’s Disease and HIV: The incidence rate of seborrheic dermatitis is slightly higher; this skin condition often leads to dandruff.
Chronic and Recurrent: Dandruff is usually a lasting skin disorder which comes and goes in nature.
Seasonal Variation: It is noticed that symptoms of the disease become severe in winter, while in summer they tend to decrease.
Non-Inflammatory: While seborrheic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition, dandruff is a non-inflammatory condition manifested by the appearance of white or gray flakes in the scalp and hair and very mild itching if at all.
Ketoconazole: Ketoconazole shampoos however work in effectively lowering the population of Malassezia on the scalp.
Zinc Pyrithione: Some shampoos or lotions contain zinc pyrithione that aids in managing the fungal build-up and scaling.
Selenium Sulfide: It is used as an active ingredient in some of the shampoos which slow down cell divisions and treat dandruff.
Tar-based Shampoos: Coal tar in shampoos assists to reduce the rate of skin cell regeneration and lessens scaling and inflammation.Salicylic Acid Preparations: Scalp or shampoos that has this active component help in debridement of the scalp and dead skin cells. Antifungal Creams or Lotions: In cases where the skin problem is worse or when washing with shampoos is not very effective, then topical antifungal medications in the form of creams or lotions may be recommended for use on the affected regions of the body.
Dermatology, General
Regular Shampooing: Preliminary gentle shampoo’s without aggressive to skin, with correct ph level necessary when skin is too oily and has flaking it will help.
Scalp Massage: Forehead and scalp should be washed gently during washing to ease off the flakiness and increase the blood flow to the region.
Proper Hair Care Practices: Use minimal products on hair as most of them contribute to the formation of residues on the scalp thus worsening the situation of dandruff.
Rinsing Thoroughly: To avoid buildup of shampoo and conditioner, make sure you rinse your hair well.
Maintaining Scalp Hygiene: But washing it with lukewarm water and associated shampoo often assists in maintaining the scalp healthy and free from oil as well as flakes.
Dietary Adjustments: Promote the intake of vitamin and mineral containing foods because nutritional deficiencies may cause the formation of dandruff.
Dermatology, General
Zinc Pyrithione: It helps ease some of the itching that is associated with dandruff and helps to minimize the flaking of the scalp.
Ketoconazole: It belongs to the imidazole group of antifungal drugs and its mechanism of action involves inhibition of the fungal cell membranes.
Climbazole: It is effective in causing interference with the normal functioning of the cell membranes of fungi.
Selenium Sulphide: Selenium based shampoos can lead to unwanted change in the colour of hair and the skin on the head.
Clotrimazole: The mode of action is through disrupting the formation of ergosterol, a lipid compound which is essential for the smooth formation of fungal cell membranes.
Piroctone Olamine: It works by blocking the action of sebum triglyceride hydrolase, which is responsible for the release of oleic acid and arachidonic acid, which promotes inflammation and itchiness.
Dermatology, General
Coal tar: It is widely used in anti-dandruff shampoos and is a clear example of this class of therapies. These include over 10,000 chemical compounds that will aid in suppression of bacterial growth and rejection of inflammation. This treatment is mainly employed in eradicating the symptoms of dandruff in the human body.
Dermatology, General
Salicylic acid: It is classified as a keratolytic agent and is applied to relieve dandruff conditions. Salicylic acid aids in the process of shedding the outside layer of the skin which means it aids in the removal of skin debris found in the scalp. It helps to prevent the visibility of the flakes which are characteristic of dandruff by encouraging the shedding of the outer layer of the scalp.
Dermatology, General
Scalp Exfoliation: In this procedure, the scalp is very lightly scrapped to clear off the dead skin and the dandruff scales. This can be done by using brushes, scrubs, or even those chemicals that we commonly call scrubs, such as salicylic acid.
Laser Therapy: Low level laser therapy can be used to decrease inflammation and flakiness of the scalp and thus, may decrease dandruff.
Photodynamic Therapy: Combines the use of a photosensitizing substance to be put on the scalp and irradiation with the given frequency of light. This can assist in cleaning the scalp from microbes that trigger the formation of dandruff and lessening their numbers.
Scalp Injections: Although severe symptoms of dandruff are causes by inflammation, in some extreme cases, physicians may administer corticosteroid shots to the head’s scalp to manage the inflammation.
Dermatology, General
Managing dandruff involves a phased approach:
Acute phase is characterized by rapid control of symptoms with shampoos containing ketoconazole and selenium sulfide, as well as topical steroids with rigorous washing.
Transitional Phase prevents any flare ups by minimizing medicated shampoos and incorporates mild ones, continues with the scalp exfoliation added to this are changes in some aspects of lifestyles such as stress and diet.
Maintenance Phase focuses on avoiding relapse, using the mild medicated shampoos on a regular basis, proper scalp care, flare-ups identification, introduction of home remedies and constantly visiting a dermatologist. This strategy minimizes medium and long-term control and hair scalp problems effectively.
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