Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis is caused due to development of abnormal bone in tendons and ligaments region. 

It mainly damage the thoracic spine region. Hence its impacts is visible on neck, knees, and heels region. 

It is seen more in males as compared to females with a ratio of 2:1. 

In studies it has been noticed it is rare in individuals under the age of 40 years. Hence becomes more prevalent with advanced age. 

In calcification the calcium salts is deposited in ligaments and tendons.  Ossification is a process of formation of new bone tissue which causes osteophytes. 

The abnormal bone formation alongside anterior and lateral vertebral bodies is present.  

It is more prevalent in older peoples. Genetic factors shows that potential hereditary with familial clustering is observed. 
Metabolic factors are linked to Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis development. 

The prognostic symptoms include reduced range of motion, joint pain and stiffness. The involvement of spine can damage cervical, thoracic, and lumbar region. 

Spinal cord compression and neurological deficits this complication can affect prognosis. 

In the age group below 40 years old it is rarely seen. In the age group from 40 to 60 years it may be seen more prominently.  

Range of Motion (ROM) Assessment 

Spinal Examination 

Neurological Examination 

Assessment of Complications 

• Metabolic Conditions: There is an association between DISH and metabolic factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia. Individuals with these comorbidities may have an increased risk of developing DISH. 
• Cardiovascular Disease: Some studies have suggested an association between DISH and cardiovascular disease. Individuals with cardiovascular risk factors may be more prone to developing DISH. 
• Other Conditions: DISH has been associated with certain conditions, such as peripheral arterial disease and conditions affecting the respiratory system. The presence of these comorbidities may influence the overall clinical picture. 

Asymptomatic presentation is often discovered during imaging studies. 

In mild symptoms it includes stiffness, reduced motion, mild pain, more noticeable in the morning or after inactivity. 

Daily use of physical therapy should be done by patients to improve the range of motion and flexibility. 

A healthy lifestyle should be followed by patients which includes weight management and a balanced diet. 

Rheumatology

To reduce stiffness and increasing joint flexibility in such case physical therapists can create effective workouts session.   

Target on physical exercises to strengthen muscles so they can help in overall musculoskeletal function.  

Patient should walk or swim as part of low-impact workouts which can improves general wellbeing. 

Rheumatology

NSAIDs inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. These are involved in the production of prostaglandins.  

While prostaglandins play an important role in the inflammatory process and contribute as pain reliever. 

Rheumatology

Surgical treatment is required in serious cases of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis. 

Surgical procedures may involve decompressing the spinal cord. It relieve pressure on the spinal cord to address compression.  

Rheumatology

In diagnosis and Assessment phase physicians should observe for risk factors, including metabolic conditions and cardiovascular health.   

Then patients should approach non-Pharmacological Approaches such as physical therapy and lifestyle modification.  

Schedule regular follow-up appointments to monitor progress and efficacy in patients.