Hyperbilirubinemia defined as high bilirubin levels in blood due to breakdown of red blood cells.
When babies struggle to eliminate in their blood, tissues, and fluids due to immature systems.
Types of Hyperbilirubinemia as follows:
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Hepatic hyperbilirubinemia
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment from broken red blood cells. While liver is unable to process bilirubin or excessive red blood cell breakdown leads to bloodstream accumulation.
Epidemiology
Increased risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia includes prematurity, East Asian/Mediterranean ethnicity, breastfeeding, and blood group incompatibilities.
Global prevalence of hyperbilirubinemia varies. Developed countries monitor and manage neonatal jaundice well, while some developing regions lack healthcare access.
Parasitic diseases in lesser-developed countries cause biliary obstruction.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Breakdown of heme creates unconjugated bilirubin in macrophages from old/red blood cell destruction.
Issues with metabolic steps can lead to high bilirubin levels in serum, measured as unconjugated or conjugated.
Hepatocytes in liver convert bilirubin to water-soluble conjugated form. Cytosolic enzyme reduces biliverdin to bilirubin for circulation release.
Etiology
The several causes as follows:
Physiologic jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Breastfeeding jaundice
Jaundice from hemolysis
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Prognosis for hyperbilirubinemia varies based on the underlying cause. Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia in low-birth-weight infants can cause green teeth.
Jaundice onset timing and progression in neonates impact prognosis. Early onset and rapid bilirubin increase may signal severe cause or treatment.
Clinical History
Hyperbilirubinemia is seen in newborns due to the immature liver function.
Physical Examination
Jaundice
Abdominal Examination
Assessment of Dark Urine and Pale Stools
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Jaundice in newborns starts within days of birth and peaks on day 3 to 5, then progresses from head to toe to resolves on its own.It may present acutely due to sudden liver injury or bile duct obstruction
Differential Diagnoses
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Adult Hyperbilirubinemia
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
Treatment phase involves managing the underlying liver condition, such as use of antiviral medications for viral hepatitis, and immunosuppressants.
If the excessive bilirubin is increased due to red blood cell breakdown, the treatment involves discontinuation of medications that cause hemolysis and manage autoimmune disorders.
Supportive measures include intravenous fluids to maintain hydration to ensure adequate nutrition and manage symptoms.
Phototherapy is used for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, especially in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia or physiological jaundice.
Exchange transfusion is used for newborn severe or rapidly rising hyperbilirubinemia, when phototherapy is ineffective.
use-of-phases-in-managing-hyperbilirubinemia
The initial diagnosis phase involves evaluation of the patient medical history and physical examination to confirm diagnosis.
Pharmacologic therapy is very effective in the treatment phase as it includes use of antiviral agent, immunosuppressant, phototherapy, and exchange transfusion.
The regular follow-up visits with the physician are schedule to check the improvement of patients along with treatment response.
Hyperbilirubinemia defined as high bilirubin levels in blood due to breakdown of red blood cells.
When babies struggle to eliminate in their blood, tissues, and fluids due to immature systems.
Types of Hyperbilirubinemia as follows:
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Hepatic hyperbilirubinemia
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment from broken red blood cells. While liver is unable to process bilirubin or excessive red blood cell breakdown leads to bloodstream accumulation.
Increased risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia includes prematurity, East Asian/Mediterranean ethnicity, breastfeeding, and blood group incompatibilities.
Global prevalence of hyperbilirubinemia varies. Developed countries monitor and manage neonatal jaundice well, while some developing regions lack healthcare access.
Parasitic diseases in lesser-developed countries cause biliary obstruction.
Breakdown of heme creates unconjugated bilirubin in macrophages from old/red blood cell destruction.
Issues with metabolic steps can lead to high bilirubin levels in serum, measured as unconjugated or conjugated.
Hepatocytes in liver convert bilirubin to water-soluble conjugated form. Cytosolic enzyme reduces biliverdin to bilirubin for circulation release.
The several causes as follows:
Physiologic jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Breastfeeding jaundice
Jaundice from hemolysis
Prognosis for hyperbilirubinemia varies based on the underlying cause. Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia in low-birth-weight infants can cause green teeth.
Jaundice onset timing and progression in neonates impact prognosis. Early onset and rapid bilirubin increase may signal severe cause or treatment.
Hyperbilirubinemia is seen in newborns due to the immature liver function.
Jaundice
Abdominal Examination
Assessment of Dark Urine and Pale Stools
Jaundice in newborns starts within days of birth and peaks on day 3 to 5, then progresses from head to toe to resolves on its own.It may present acutely due to sudden liver injury or bile duct obstruction
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Adult Hyperbilirubinemia
Treatment phase involves managing the underlying liver condition, such as use of antiviral medications for viral hepatitis, and immunosuppressants.
If the excessive bilirubin is increased due to red blood cell breakdown, the treatment involves discontinuation of medications that cause hemolysis and manage autoimmune disorders.
Supportive measures include intravenous fluids to maintain hydration to ensure adequate nutrition and manage symptoms.
Gastroenterology
Phototherapy is administered using various devices, such as overhead lights or light-emitting pads.
In cases of breastfed infants with hyperbilirubinemia, physician should increase the frequency of breastfeeding sessions.
Hydration may be beneficial in promoting bilirubin excretion through urine and stools.
Appointments with a physician and preventing recurrence of disorder is an ongoing life-long effort.
It binds to bile acids in the intestine to form a complex excreted in feces, which reduce reabsorption and interrupt enterohepatic circulation.
Gastroenterology
Phototherapy is used for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, especially in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia or physiological jaundice.
Exchange transfusion is used for newborn severe or rapidly rising hyperbilirubinemia, when phototherapy is ineffective.
Gastroenterology
The initial diagnosis phase involves evaluation of the patient medical history and physical examination to confirm diagnosis.
Pharmacologic therapy is very effective in the treatment phase as it includes use of antiviral agent, immunosuppressant, phototherapy, and exchange transfusion.
The regular follow-up visits with the physician are schedule to check the improvement of patients along with treatment response.
Hyperbilirubinemia defined as high bilirubin levels in blood due to breakdown of red blood cells.
When babies struggle to eliminate in their blood, tissues, and fluids due to immature systems.
Types of Hyperbilirubinemia as follows:
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Hepatic hyperbilirubinemia
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment from broken red blood cells. While liver is unable to process bilirubin or excessive red blood cell breakdown leads to bloodstream accumulation.
Increased risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia includes prematurity, East Asian/Mediterranean ethnicity, breastfeeding, and blood group incompatibilities.
Global prevalence of hyperbilirubinemia varies. Developed countries monitor and manage neonatal jaundice well, while some developing regions lack healthcare access.
Parasitic diseases in lesser-developed countries cause biliary obstruction.
Breakdown of heme creates unconjugated bilirubin in macrophages from old/red blood cell destruction.
Issues with metabolic steps can lead to high bilirubin levels in serum, measured as unconjugated or conjugated.
Hepatocytes in liver convert bilirubin to water-soluble conjugated form. Cytosolic enzyme reduces biliverdin to bilirubin for circulation release.
The several causes as follows:
Physiologic jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Breastfeeding jaundice
Jaundice from hemolysis
Prognosis for hyperbilirubinemia varies based on the underlying cause. Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia in low-birth-weight infants can cause green teeth.
Jaundice onset timing and progression in neonates impact prognosis. Early onset and rapid bilirubin increase may signal severe cause or treatment.
Hyperbilirubinemia is seen in newborns due to the immature liver function.
Jaundice
Abdominal Examination
Assessment of Dark Urine and Pale Stools
Jaundice in newborns starts within days of birth and peaks on day 3 to 5, then progresses from head to toe to resolves on its own.It may present acutely due to sudden liver injury or bile duct obstruction
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Adult Hyperbilirubinemia
Treatment phase involves managing the underlying liver condition, such as use of antiviral medications for viral hepatitis, and immunosuppressants.
If the excessive bilirubin is increased due to red blood cell breakdown, the treatment involves discontinuation of medications that cause hemolysis and manage autoimmune disorders.
Supportive measures include intravenous fluids to maintain hydration to ensure adequate nutrition and manage symptoms.
Gastroenterology
Phototherapy is administered using various devices, such as overhead lights or light-emitting pads.
In cases of breastfed infants with hyperbilirubinemia, physician should increase the frequency of breastfeeding sessions.
Hydration may be beneficial in promoting bilirubin excretion through urine and stools.
Appointments with a physician and preventing recurrence of disorder is an ongoing life-long effort.
It binds to bile acids in the intestine to form a complex excreted in feces, which reduce reabsorption and interrupt enterohepatic circulation.
Gastroenterology
Phototherapy is used for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, especially in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia or physiological jaundice.
Exchange transfusion is used for newborn severe or rapidly rising hyperbilirubinemia, when phototherapy is ineffective.
Gastroenterology
The initial diagnosis phase involves evaluation of the patient medical history and physical examination to confirm diagnosis.
Pharmacologic therapy is very effective in the treatment phase as it includes use of antiviral agent, immunosuppressant, phototherapy, and exchange transfusion.
The regular follow-up visits with the physician are schedule to check the improvement of patients along with treatment response.
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